Vocal Ped Terms

Front 1

Adduction

Back 1

drawing together of the vocal folds or closing of the glottis in the act of phonation; to move toward the midline position

Front 2

Aspirate

Back 2

articulation of speech sound with audible friction, for example, the use of consonant "h" to induce airflow

Front 3

Bernoulli Effect

Back 3

air in motion has less density or pressure than when immobile, causing a suction effect; constantly maintained airflow will increase speed at a constricted site, thus producing a decresase in pressure at that point

Front 4

Electroglottograph (EGG)

Back 4

shows movement of the glottis

Front 5

Glottal

Back 5

Using the glottis, or the space betweel the vocal chords

Front 6

Glottal Fry

Back 6

creaky voice quality produced by phonating at the lower basal pitches with minimal breath flow

Front 7

hyper function

Back 7

use of any body mechanism with excessive tension

Front 8

hypo function

Back 8

insufficient activity in any body mechanism

Front 9

mucosal wave

Back 9

the undulation and rolling action of the vocal folds' mucous membrane in response to airflow through the glottis

Front 10

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production

Back 10

vocal fold vibration results from a combination of muscular adjustments and breath pressure

Front 11

onset

Back 11

initiation of vocal fold vibration in response to airflow

Front 12

phonation

Back 12

vibration of the vocal folds to produce sound

Front 13

amplitude

Back 13

magnitude or range of movement of a vibrating object

Front 14

compression

Back 14

decrease in volume of any object or substance that results from applied stress

Front 15

duration

Back 15

length of period a tone lasts, consisting of three stages- attack, steady state, and decay

Front 16

frequency

Back 16

the number of cycles per second

Front 17

harmonic

Back 17

an overtone or upper partial of a complex sound which is an intrigal multiple of the fundamental frequency

Front 18

hertz

Back 18

unit of measurement of cycles per second

Front 19

intensity

Back 19

measure of energy flow per unit of area per unit of time

Front 20

loudness

Back 20

the perceptual impression of a sound's intensity

Front 21

damping

Back 21

to cause a decrease in amplitude of successive waves or osicllations

Front 22

oscillation

Back 22

a swing from mone extreme to the other

Front 23

overtones

Back 23

harmonics or upper partials of a tone

Front 24

period

Back 24

the time required for an oscillating body to make one complete vibratory cycle

Front 25

pitch

Back 25

perceived quality of a sound that is primarily a function of its fundamental requency; or the number of oscillations per second

Front 26

rarefaction

Back 26

a lower pressure area (molecules less dense)

Front 27

resonance

Back 27

spontaneous reinforcement and amplification of tonal vibrations occurring whenever a cavity is tuned to the natural frequency of the fundamental pitch sounded

Front 28

spectrum analyzer

Back 28

analyzes the harmonics in the spectrum

Front 29

timbre

Back 29

distinctive quality and character of a tone, resulting from the combined effect of the fundamental and its harmonics

Front 30

wavelength

Back 30

the distance a compression or rarefraction travels by the time the next cycle starts

Front 31

5 Steps of the vocal process

Back 31

volition, respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

Front 32

agonist

Back 32

a prime mover muscle that is opposed in action by another musce called the antagonist

Front 33

antagonist

Back 33

a muscle or muscle group that opposes the primary countrmovement of the agonist muscle or muscle group

Front 34

anterior

Back 34

the frontal point of view, the opposite of posterior

Front 35

auditory ossicles

Back 35

the tympanic cavity contains three moveable ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes

Front 36

auditory tube

Back 36

tube inside the ear used to hear. it is connected to the ear drum and the breain

Front 37

autonomic nervous system

Back 37

a part of the peripheral nervous system; located outside the brain and spinal chord.

Front 38

bilateral

Back 38

on both left and right sides of the body

Front 39

cartilage

Back 39

nonvascular body tissue more flexible than bone

Front 40

cochlea

Back 40

a fluid-filled organ in the inner ear that is the primary organ of hearing

Front 41

inferior

Back 41

toward the bottom

Front 42

intrinsic

Back 42

interior, within

Front 43

kinesthetic

Back 43

associated with the bodily position and movemet of the body parts relative to earch other

Front 44

lateral

Back 44

toward the outside

Front 45

ligament

Back 45

strong band of tissue connecting the articular extremities of bone

Front 46

medial

Back 46

toward the midline or axis

Front 47

origin and insertion

Back 47

the muscles origin is attached to the immoveable bone and the insertion is at the other end, attached to the moveable bone

Front 48

pedagogy

Back 48

the science, art, and profession of teaching based on principles and methods that result in systematized learning

Front 49

peripheral nervous system

Back 49

includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system outside the brain and spinal chord and extends throughout the body. it serves as the network of sensory and motor neurons between the central nervous system and body's surface.

Front 50

physiology

Back 50

study of the functioning of the parts of the human body

Front 51

proprioception

Back 51

the ability to mentally image, sense, or hear a desired tonal result in advance

Front 52

sagittal

Back 52

body is devided front to back by a vertical field, separating it into right and left halves

Front 53

superior

Back 53

toward the top

Front 54

tendon

Back 54

a nonelastic band of connective tissue thatforms the attachment of muscle to bone

Front 55

transverse

Back 55

body is divided into upper and lower portions

Front 56

tympanum

Back 56

ear drum

Front 57

unilateral

Back 57

on only one side of the body

Front 58

alveoli

Back 58

fine branches of the respiratory tree; air sacs

Front 59

appendicular skeleton

Back 59

composed of 126 bones, involved in locomotion of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment

Front 60

appoggio

Back 60

development of a coordinated, dynamic balance among the processes of respiration, phonation, and resonation in singing

Front 61

boyles law

Back 61

when gas is contained within a soft wall enclosure, its pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Front 62

bronchi

Back 62

a subdivision of the trachea into two parts, each leading to a lung

Front 63

diaphragm

Back 63

a large dome-shaped partition comprised of muscle-tendon and sinews which separates the abdomen from the thorax and facilitates breathing

Front 64

epigastrium

Back 64

triangular portion of the high abdominal area at the base of the sternum and directly below the ribs

Front 65

exhalation

Back 65

the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing

Front 66

intercostal muscles

Back 66

external and internal; three sets of muscles between the ribs that control the raising and lowering

Front 67

internal oblique

Back 67

abdominal muscles with fibers that generally run upward, formin glayers of the abdominal walls and fusing with the external oblique muscles

Front 68

pleurae

Back 68

connects the ribs to the lungs

Front 69

process

Back 69

a prominence or projection of cartilage or bone, such as found in the muscular manner according the accepted usage

Front 70

rectus abdominis

Back 70

long flat muscle extending the entire length of the front of the adomen,

Front 71

residual volume

Back 71

lung volumes, refers to physical differences in lung volume, while lug capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to inhalation and exhalation

Front 72

respiration

Back 72

exchange of internal and external gases during the complete breath cycle

Front 73

sternum

Back 73

breast bone in the center of the chest to which the ribs attach

Front 74

tidal volume

Back 74

the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied

Front 75

total lung capacity

Back 75

same as lung volume

Front 76

transversus muscle

Back 76

muscle of the tongue

Front 77

vital capacity

Back 77

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Front 78

abduction

Back 78

separating of the vocal folds or opening of the glottis, as occurs with inhalation

Front 79

adduction

Back 79

drawing together of the vocal folds or closing of the glottis in the act of phonation; to move toward the midline position

Front 80

arytenoid cartilages

Back 80

dethe two matching triangular shaped cartilages connecting the larynx and the arytenoid muslcle and acting as primary activators in phonation

Front 81

cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 81

muscles that rotate the arytenoid cartilages on the cricoids cartilage

Front 82

crycothyroid muscles

Back 82

four muscles which attach to the front of the crocoids cartilage and serve to lower the thyroid cartilage in the adjustment of the vocal folds for higher pitches

Front 83

epiglottis

Back 83

leaf-shaped cartilage located between the root of the tongue and the entrance to the larynx; responsible for protecting the larynx from foreign matter that could otherwise get into the lungs

Front 84

extrinsic

Back 84

meaning "external" or on the outside

Front 85

glottis

Back 85

space between the vocal folds

Front 86

hard palate

Back 86

anterior bony portion of the roof of the mouth

Front 87

hyoid bone

Back 87

u-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue and the top of they larynx

Front 88

lamina propria

Back 88

a thin layer of loose connective tissue that lies beneath the epithelium, and together with teh epithelium constitues mucosa

Front 89

laryngeal tube/ laryngo-pharynx

Back 89

the vestibule or muscular ring located at the top of the larynx composed of the aryepiglottic folds, the epiglottis, and the arytenoid cartilages

Front 90

larynx

Back 90

organ of the respiratroy tract situated in the throat and neck above the trachea

Front 91

nasal cavity

Back 91

the area of the vocal tract known as the nasopharynx

Front 92

palate

Back 92

roof of the mouth, divided into hard and soft

Front 93

pharynx

Back 93

throat

Front 94

sternocleidomastoid

Back 94

a thick, superficial muscle on both sides of the neck, originating at the sternum and the clavicale and inserting at the mastoid bone

Front 95

sternum

Back 95

breastbone; where ribs attach

Front 96

strap muscles

Back 96

connect the hyoid bone above these muscles to the sternum below, and connecting to the pharyngeal musculature behind; stabalize larynx

Front 97

synovial joint

Back 97

most common and moveable types of joints in the body; achieve movement at point of contact of the articulating bones

Front 98

thyroarytenoid muscles

Back 98

muscles originating below the thyroidal notch and inserting into each arytenoid cartilage

Front 99

thyroid cartilage

Back 99

largest single cartilage of the larynx- contains the vocal folds- also known as the adams apple

Front 100

trachea

Back 100

windpipe- cartilaginous tube where air passes to and from the lungs

Front 101

uvula

Back 101

fleshy penddant-like lobe that hangs from the middle of the posterior portion of the soft palate

Front 102

velum

Back 102

membranous parition muscular portion of the soft palate

Front 103

ventricle

Back 103

small cavity or pouch

Front 104

ventricular folds

Back 104

the false folds, located above the true folds and the ventricle of morgani

Front 105

vocal folds

Back 105

lower part of the thyroarytenoid muscles

Front 106

vocal ligament

Back 106

condensed fibers that form one of thelayers of the vocal folds

Front 107

vocalis muscle

Back 107

the internal thyroartytehnoid muscle

Front 108

uvula

Back 108

fleshy penddant-like lobe that hangs from the middle of the posterior portion of the soft palate

Front 109

velum

Back 109

membranous parition muscular portion of the soft palate

Front 110

ventricle

Back 110

small cavity or pouch

Front 111

ventricular folds

Back 111

the false folds, located above the true folds and the ventricle of morgani

Front 112

vocal folds

Back 112

lower part of the thyroarytenoid muscles

Front 113

vocal ligament

Back 113

condensed fibers that form one of thelayers of the vocal folds

Front 114

vocalis muscle

Back 114

the internal thyroartytehnoid muscle