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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Scientific study that aims to solve basic problems
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Applied Research
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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Basic Research
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A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
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Biological Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Clinical Psychology
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A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living
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Counseling Psychology
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The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity liked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory,and language)
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Critical Thinking
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A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Functionalism
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Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
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Humanistic Psychology
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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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I/O Psychology
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
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Nature/Nurture Issues
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Natural Selection
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Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
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Psychiatry
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The science of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
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Science
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An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
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Structuralism
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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Case Study
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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Control Group
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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
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Correlation
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The enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Culture
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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Dependent Variable
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
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Experiment
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
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Experimental Group
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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Hindsight Bias
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Hypotheses
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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Independent Variable
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The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
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Mean
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The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
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Median
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The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
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Mode
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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Naturalistic Observation
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A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
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Operational Definition
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Experimental results caused by expectation alone; any effect on the behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
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Placebo
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Random Sample
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The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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Range
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
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Survey
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
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Theory
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A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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Action Potential
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Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
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Amygdala
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The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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Axon
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The brain and spinal cord
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Central Nervous System
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The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
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Cerebellum
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The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
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Cerebral Cortex
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The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
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Corpus Callosum
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The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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Dendrite
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Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
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Frontal Lobes
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The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
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Medulla
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Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
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Nerves
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A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
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Neuron
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Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
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Occipital Lobes
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Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
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Parietal Lobes
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The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
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Peripheral Nervous System
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A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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Reflex
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The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft
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Synapse
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Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
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Temporal Lobes
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The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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Thalamus
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