Vocabulary From Chapter 1 Of Algae

Front 1

accessory pigments

Back 1

aid in the collection of light not absorbed directly by chlorophyll molecules and channel the light energy to chlorophyll a

Front 2

chlorophyll a

Back 2

the only pigment that is able to effectively convert the energy of absorbed light into high energy bonds of organic molecules

Front 3

zooxanthellae

Back 3

(pl) unicellular golden-pigmented cells (usually dinoflagellates) that are endosymbiotic in marine animals, including reef-building corals

Front 4

endosymbiosis

Back 4

the condition in which one or more organisms live within the cells of a host without causing disease or other conspicuous harmful consequences

Front 5

protists

Back 5

eukaryotic organisms that are not members of the Kingdoms Fungi, Animalia, or Plantae (embryophytes); includes eukaryotic algae and many kinds of non-pigmented organisms

Front 6

stromatolites

Back 6

calcareous, layered assemblage of cyanobacteria, occuring as fossils or in modern waters in sheltered areas

Front 7

phytoplankton

Back 7

floating or swimming microscopic algae

Front 8

bloom

Back 8

visible growth of planktonic algae, often associated with nutrient-enriched waters

Front 9

periphyton

Back 9

the organisms that occur on the surfaces of plants, algae, and inorganic substrates in shallow benthic or nearshore littoral habitats

Front 10

littoral

Back 10

occuring in the nearshore region

Front 11

benthic

Back 11

having to do with the benthos- the bottom of a lake, stream, or marine system

Front 12

systematics

Back 12

the scientific study of organismal diversity and the relationships among organisms

Front 13

phylogenetic

Back 13

pertaining to phylogeny (evolutionary relationships)

Front 14

phylogeny

Back 14

a hypothesis of the way in which a group of organisms is evolutionarily related

Front 15

monophyletic

Back 15

used to describe a group of organisms that have descended from a single common ancestor

Front 16

polyphyletic

Back 16

in systematics, describes a group that contains some members that are actually more closely related to organisms outside the group

Front 17

phylogenetic tree

Back 17

a treelike diagram that represents a hypothesis regarding relationships of a group of organisms

Front 18

apicomplexans

Back 18

a phylum of protozoan parasites whose cells contain a nonpigmented plastid

Front 19

protozoa

Back 19

an informal term for a polyphyletic array of motile, heterotrophic protists

Front 20

endosymbionts

Back 20

organism that lives within the cell of another organism (the host) without causing disease or other obvious negative consequences for the host

Front 21

host

Back 21

an organism whose cells or body serves as a habitat for another

Front 22

horizontal transfer

Back 22

movement of genetic material from one organism to another without the involvement of sexual reproduction (vertical transfer)

Front 23

eukaryotic

Back 23

a type of cell possessing a nucleus, endomembrane and cytoskeletal systems, and (usually) organelles, including mitochondria, and in the case of most algae, plastids

Front 24

chloroplast (plastid)

Back 24

a membrane-bound DNA-containing organelle (the number of bounding membranes varying among groups) that typically contains membranous thylakoids bearing chlorophyll a and other components of photosynthetic systems (some plastids lack thylakoids and chlorophyll, however)

Front 25

thylakoid

Back 25

a flattened, saclike membranous structure in cyanobacterial cells and plastids of eukaryotic algae and plants

Front 26

embryophytes

Back 26

bryophytes and vascular plants

Front 27

stramenopiles (heterokonts)

Back 27

organisms that possess two flagella of distinct type, one bearing characteristic three-part flagellar hair, namely ochrophytes (heterokont algae), oomycetes, and some other protists

Front 28

carbon fixation

Back 28

conversion of carbon dioxide into organic carbon as the result of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis

Front 29

photoautotrophs

Back 29

(photoautotrophy) organism that obtains its organic nutrients by means of photosynthesis; obligate photoautotrophs are restricted to this form of nutrition

Front 30

heterotrophic

Back 30

(heterotrophy) nonautotrophic nutrition

Front 31

phagotrophy

Back 31

(phagocytosis) a form of nutrition in which particles such as cells are ingested by protists via invagination of the cell surface

Front 32

osmotrophy

Back 32

a form of nutrition in which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is imported from the environment into cells

Front 33

auxotrophy

Back 33

the nutritional requirement for one or more vitamins

Front 34

flagellates

Back 34

unicellular or colonial protists whose cells bear one or more flagella

Front 35

flagellum

Back 35

(pl. flagella) in eukaryotes, a long, thin cellular projection that functions in motility; contains a peripheral ring of nine doublet microtobules and (usually) two central single microtubules

Front 36

mixotrophy

Back 36

a form of nutrition in which both autotrophy and heterotrophy may be utilized, depending on the availability of resources

Front 37

primary productivity

Back 37

the net amount of organic carbon that results from photosynthesis, usually expressed per unit volume or area and per unit time (often estimated by measuring oxygen production)

Front 38

remineralization

Back 38

transformation of elements from organic to inorganic form; e.g., the conversion of organic carbon into inorganic carbon

Front 39

motile

Back 39

moving or having the power to move spontaneously

Front 40

microtubules

Back 40

in eukaryotes, components of the cytoskeleton and flagella composed of the protein tubulin arranged to form hollow tubes 25 nm in diameter

Front 41

parallel evolution

Back 41

the independent evolution of similar characters in organisms belonging to separate lineages, but whose genetic backgrounds are similar

Front 42

autapomorphy

Back 42

derived character that defines a group of organisms

Front 43

prokaryotic

Back 43

lacking membrane-bound DNA (a nucleus), membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, plastids), and endomembrane systems such as endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus; prokaryotes also lack sexual reproduction systems and 9 + 2 flagella (cilia) like those of eukaryotes

Front 44

thallus

Back 44

(pl. thalli) the body of an alga, which is not differentiated into vascularized leaves, roots, and stems

Front 45

colony

Back 45

a type of thallus consisting of a group of cells held together by mucilage or cell-wall material

Front 46

coenobium

Back 46

(pl. coenobia) a type of colony whose shape and cell number is genetically determined, established early in development, and does not change during the life of the organism (though cells commonly enlarge during colony development)

Front 47

filament

Back 47

a type of algal thallus consisting of a linear array of cells in which neighboring cells share a common wall

Front 48

uniseriate

Back 48

having a single row of cells

Front 49

multiseriate

Back 49

having more than two rows of cells

Front 50

coenocytic

Back 50

multinucleate and without transverse walls (except, in many cases, during reproductive development)

Front 51

siphonous

Back 51

(siphonalean) describes a type of thallus composed of large multinucleate coenocytic cells wherein cross-walls are rarely formed

Front 52

meristem

Back 52

a cell or group of cells that is capable of repeated division and thus adds to the number of cells in a thallus

Front 53

plasmogamy

Back 53

during sexual reproduction, fusion of the cytoplasm of gametes; may or may not be immediately followed by karyogamy

Front 54

gamete

Back 54

a cell capable of fusing with another to form a zygote, with the two nuclei uniting to form a single zygotic nucleus

Front 55

zygote

Back 55

the product of gamete fusion (syngamy)

Front 56

karyogamy

Back 56

fusion of gamete nuclei

Front 57

zoospore

Back 57

flagellate spore

Front 58

aplanospore

Back 58

a nonflagellate spore that has the genetic potential to produce flagella under appropriate conditions; produced by subdivision of a parental cell

Front 59

autospore

Back 59

a type of nonflagellate spore that lacks the genetic potential to produce flagella

Front 60

monospore

Back 60

a nonflagellate spore produced singly in a monosporangium

Front 61

monosporangium

Back 61

a sporangium in which only a single spore is produced

Front 62

sporangium

Back 62

a cell whose contents become subdivided to form spores.

Front 63

autocolony

Back 63

a type of asexual reproductive colony that is a miniature of the adult colony; produced by single cells of the adult

Front 64

fragmentation

Back 64

accidental or programmed breakage of a thallus into pieces that serve as asexual propagules

Front 65

propagule

Back 65

a multicellular structure that serves in asexual reproduction

Front 66

akinete

Back 66

a thick-walled spore that functions in asexual reproduction, frequently serving as a resistant stage that undergoes a period of dormancy

Front 67

isogamy

Back 67

sexual reproduction involving gametes that are morphologically indistinguishable; structurally similar, but behaviorally distinguishable gametes are described as physiologically anisogamous

Front 68

anisogamy

Back 68

a type of sexual reproduction charaterized by two types of gametes that differ in size

Front 69

oogamy

Back 69

sexual reproduction involving syngamy of a small flagellate male gamete and a larger, nonflagellate (or only transiently flagellate) female gamete

Front 70

monoecious

Back 70

producing male and female gametes on the same thallus

Front 71

dioecious

Back 71

having male or female gametes (or gametes of different mating types) produced by separate individuals

Front 72

homothallic

Back 72

only one clone is required for sexual reproduction; self-compatible

Front 73

heterothallic

Back 73

two different clones are required for sexual reproduction; self-incompatible

Front 74

phylum

Back 74

A primary division of a kingdom, as of the animal kingdom, ranking next above a class in size

Front 75

zygotic meiosis

Back 75

meiosis occurring during zygote maturation or germination

Front 76

meiosis

Back 76

a form of nuclear division which pairing and separation of homologous chromosomes yields four progeny nuclei having half the chromosome number and DNA level of the parental nucleus

Front 77

gametic meiosis

Back 77

meiosis occurring during the production of gametes

Front 78

gametophyte

Back 78

the multicellular, gamete-producing phase in the life history of organisms having alternation of generations

Front 79

sporophyte

Back 79

the spore-producing phase in a life history that involves alternation of spore- and gamete-producing generations

Front 80

sporic meiosis

Back 80

meiosis that occurs during production of spores

Front 81

alternation of generations (diplohaplontic)

Back 81

a life history type in which there are two (or more in some red algae) multicellular stages that can be distinguished by type of reproductive cell produced and sometimes also by morphological features

Front 82

isomophic

Back 82

referring to a type of diplohaplontic life cycle (alternation of generations) in which the multicellular vegetative phases (sporophyte and gametophyte) are morphologically indistinguishable

Front 83

heteromorphic (heteromorphy)

Back 83

morphologically different; in algae, usually applied to distinctive gametophyte and sporophyte phases in diplohaplontic life cycles (alternation of generations)

Front 84

haplobiontic (haplontic)

Back 84

having a life history exhibiting one haploid vegetative phase; zygotes are the only diploid cells in such a life cycle

Front 85

diplobiontic

Back 85

having two free-living phases in the life history

Front 86

diplontic

Back 86

having a life history in which there is only one multicellular, diploid phase, with the gametes representing the only haploid cells

Front 87

parthenogenesis

Back 87

production of a new individual from an unfertilized gamete

Front 88

coccolithophorids

Back 88

unicellular members of the haptophyte algae that are characterized by a covering of small, ornate calcium carbonate scales

Front 89

coccoliths

Back 89

ornate calcium carbonate scales, produced internally, that occur on the surfaces of coccolithophorid algae

Front 90

Rubisco

Back 90

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate