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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
adventitious
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abnormal breath sounds heard over the lungs
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alveoli
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small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange
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atelectasis
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incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs
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bradypnea
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slow rate of breathing
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bronchial sounds
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those heard over the trachea; high in pitch and intensity, with expiration being longer than inspiration
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bronchovesicular
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normal breath sounds heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area
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cilia
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microscopic hairlike projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated
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crackles
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fine crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs
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diffusion
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tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
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dry powder inhaler (DPI)
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type of delivery method for inhaled medications, breath activitated, a quick breath activates the flow of medication, eliminating the need to coordinate activating the inhaler while inhaling the medicine at the same time.
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dyspnea
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difficult or labored breathing
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endotracheal tube
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polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide
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expiration
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act of breathing out;synonym is exhalation
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hemothorax
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blood that develops in the pleural space
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hyperventilation
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condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving lungs
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hypoventilation
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decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
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hypoxemia
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deficient oxygenation of blood
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hypoxia
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inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells
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inspiration
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act of breathing in;synonym is inhalation
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metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
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instrument that delivers a controlled dose of medication to narrowed airways with each compression of the canister
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nasal cannula
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disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils
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nebulizer
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instrument that disperses fine particles of medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract where absorption occurs
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perfusion
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process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues
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pleural effusion
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fluid in the pleural space
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pleural friction rub
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a grating sound caused by an inflamed pleura rubbing against the chest wall. (p629)
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pneumothorax
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air in the pleural space
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pulmonary ventilation
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movement of air into and out of the lungs
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pulse oximetry
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noninvasive technique that measures the oxygenn saturation (SaO2) or arterial blood
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respiration
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gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
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spirometer
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instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)
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sputum
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respiratory secreations expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
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surfactant
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detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
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tachypnea
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rapid rate of breathing
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thoracentesis
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aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space
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tracheostomy
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artificial opening made into the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted
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vesicular breath sounds
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normal sound of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung areas (low-pitched)
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wheezes
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continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages
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acute pharyngitis
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inflammation of the throat, or "sore throat" can be aused by a virus, beta-hemolytic streptococci (strep throat), or other bacteria.
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acute rhinitis
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acute inflammation or the mucous membranes of the nose
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allergic rhinitis
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often called "hay fever", which is caused by pollen or a foreign substance
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antihistamines
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H1 blockers or H1 antagonists, compete with histamine for receptor sites, preventing a histamine response.
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antitussives
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act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex.
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common cold
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the most prevalent type of upper respiratory infection
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decongestants
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(sympathomimetic amines) stimulate the alpha-adrenergic receptors, producing vascular constriction (vasoconstriction) of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa.
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expectorants
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loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing
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rebound nasal congestion
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(rebound vasodilation instead of vasoconstriction) caused by irritation of the nasal musoca
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rhinorrhea
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watery nasal discharge
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sinusitis
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inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinuses
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asthma
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an inflammatory disorder of the airway walls associated with a varying amount of airway obstruction
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bronchial asthma
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a COPD characterized by periods of bronchospasm resulting in wheezing and difficulty breathing
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bronchiectasis
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abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles secondary to frequent infection and inflammation
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bronchodilators
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An agent that causes an increase in caliber of bronchus (Stedmans)
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bronchospasm
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or bronshoconstriction, results when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors that stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response.
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chronic bronchitis
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a progressive lung disease caused by smoking or chronic lung infections
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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a disease caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues
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emphysema
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a progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of the alpha1-antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli (air sacs)
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glucocorticoids
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(steriods) members of the corticosteriod family, used to treat respiratory disorders, particularly asthma.
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mucolytics
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act like detergents to liquefy and loosen thick mucous secretions so they can be expectorated
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restrictive lung disease
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decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung
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