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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parasitism
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A relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another.
Examples: Streptococcus mutans (ingests complex carbs, produces lactic acid, causes cavities) E. coli flesh-eating bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Mutualism
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A relationship between two species from which both benefit
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Lactobacillus acidophilus
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Model mutualistic bacteria:
They get complex carbs and proteins We get vitamins (K, Folic Acid), lactic acid in urinary tract (interferes with disease-causing bacteria growth), and it out-competes other harmful bacteria for resources. |
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Eukaryotic (human cells)
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Larger.
DNA in membrane-bound nucleus. Often multicellular. Membrane-bound organelles. |
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Prokaryotic (bacteria and Archaea)
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Smaller.
DNA in 'nucleoid region' usually single-celled. No membrane-bound organelles (exception is archaea which has cell membranes, enzymes, ribosomes). |
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Observations
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Information that is gathered from an experiment. Should be detailed and accurate. More observations are better.
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Hypothesis
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Question or statement to test
(Does ibprophen help migraines?) |
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Experimental design
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How the hypothesis will be tested. Includes designation of sample size, specification of what variables will be tested, and a control group.
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Control group
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Group that will represent the norm (In the migraine study, a group of people who tend to have migraines and are not given ibprophen).
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Sample size
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Number of subjects, samples, or observations. Increasing sample size increases accuracy of results.
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Variables
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The ways that an experiment can vary. In finding the cause of something, it is best to have as few variables as possible, so that all combinations of those variables can be tested.
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Adipose tissue
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Produce the protein leptin that sends a message to the brain telling it that it is satisfied after eating
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Where the proteins
are made |
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Golgi apparatus
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Package and send proteins to the bloodstrem
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DNA
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Provide the instructions to make the protein
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Leptin
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A protein hormone that regulates eating behavior
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Chromosome
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A linear structure that bears genetic information in the DNA, and proteins associated with DNA. Each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes
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Gene
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A unit of hereditary information consisting of two or more alleles
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Nucleotide
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Nucleotide base pairs make up DNA. Thymine-Adenine and -Guanine-Cytosine. (Greek Characters Attack Towns)
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Genome
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The entirety of an organism's hereditary information
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Allele
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One of the alternative forms of a single gene (e.g. allele “A” or allele “a”).
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Chromatid
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One of the two identical copies of DNA of a replicated chromosome.
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Homozygous alleles
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Alleles that are identical; contain identical nucleotide sequences (e.g. BB, have identical expression).
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Heterozygous alleles
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Alleles that are not identical in their nucleotide sequence (e.g. “A” and “a”; have slightly different expressions).
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