Vocabulary 1900-Present

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Anti-Imperialism:Opposition to the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies

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Anti-Semitism:Hatred, discrimination, or prejudices towards the Jewish people based on their heritage.

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Apartheid-"separation of the races" in South Africa divide blacks from white taking the good land to farm 

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Appeasement-Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

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Application of religion to political issues-The melding of theological ideologies to ideas regarding state well-being

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Authoritarian-A government exercising complete or almost complete control over the will of its citizens

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Regimes-a government, especially an authoritarian one.

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Bedouin-A wandering Arab of the Asian or African desert

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Biafra secessionist movement-A movement with the aim of securing the resurgence of the defunct state of Biafra from Nigeria

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Chemically & genetically enhanced forms of agriculture-Plants and animals improved by science

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Cold War-A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. 

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Collectivization-Organizing something centrally both politically and economically

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Communism-A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state

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Consumerism-The fact or practice of an increasing consumption of goods

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Containment-a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate pecefully

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Cultural convergence-

the process or state of converging:

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Cultural Identities-the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

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Decolonization-

(of a country) withdraw from (a colony), leaving it independent

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Deforestation-the action of clearing a wide area of trees:

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Desertification-the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

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Dissolution-the closing down or dismissal of an assembly, partnership, or official body:

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Domestic-existing or occurring inside a particular country; not foreign or international:

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Draft-compulsory recruitment for military service

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Economic liberalization-is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities; the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism.

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Exclusionary reactions-an item or risk specifically not covered by an insurance policy or other contract

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Fascism-an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

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Feminism-the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.

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Five Year Plan-Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

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Free market economics-system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.

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Free trade-a policy followed by some international markets in which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. North America Free Trade Agreement

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Genocide-the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

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Glasnost-(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

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Global Warming-The period from about 800 to 1300 in which global temperatures are thought to have been a few degrees warmer than those of the preceding and following periods. The climatic effects of this period were confined primarily to Europe and North America

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Gov't intervention in the economy-

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Great Depression-a drastic decline in the world economy resulting in mass unemployment and widespread poverty that lasted from 1929 until 1939

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Green Movements-

is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues

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Green Revolution-a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

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Greenhouse gases-is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.

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Holocaust- the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

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Home countries-the country a person comes from

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Human Rights-moral principles or norms, which describe certain standards of human behavior, and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international law

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Imperial metropoles-

the capital or chief city of a country or region.

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Indian National Congress-a broad-based political party in India, founded in 1885 and the principal party in government since independence in 1947

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Intensified Conflicts-become or make more intense

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League of Nations-an association of countries established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security.

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Mandates-the authority to carry out a policy or course of action, regarded as given by the electorate to a candidate or party that is victorious in an election

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Medical innovations- Medicine that anact or process of inventing or introducing something new

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Militarized states-A condition in which territory is under the effective control of a foreign armed force. See also occupied territory; phases of military government

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Mobilization of a state's resources-a major sociological theory in the study of social movements which emerged in the 1970s. It stresses the ability of a movement's members to 1) acquire resources and to 2) mobilize people towards accomplishing the movement's goals

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Movements who challenged the war-crusade, campaign, cause, drive, effort, movement - a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end; "he supported populist campaigns"; "they worked in the cause of world peace"; "the team was ready for a drive toward the pennant"; "the movement to end slavery"; "contributed to the war effort

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Taliban-a fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

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Multinational corporations-an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country. It can also be referred as an international corporation, a "transnational corporation", or a stateless corporation.

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NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries 

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New economic institutions-is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and legal norms and rules (which are institutions) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.[

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New forms of spirituality-may refer to almost any kind of meaningful activity, especially a "search for the sacred." It may also refer to personal growth, blissful experience, or an encounter with one's own "inner dimension."

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Nonviolence-use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change.

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Nuclear weaponry-a bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion

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OPEC-Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in 1960 by the first five members, and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria

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Pacific Rim-the countries and regions bordering the Pacific Ocean, especially the small nations of eastern Asia.

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Perestroika-(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency

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Popular culture-is the entirety of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images, and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.

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Population-all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country

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Propaganda-information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view:

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Proxy wars-a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved.

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Quebecois separatist movement-is a political movement as well as an ideology of values, concepts and ideas that advocates independence for the Canadian province of Quebec.

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Redistribute land-distribute (something) differently or again, typically to achieve greater social equality

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Refugee-is a person who is outside their country of citizenship because they have well-founded grounds for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and is unable to obtain sanctuary from their home country or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country

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Displacement of people-is a person who has been forced to leave his or her home or place of habitual residence, a phenomenon known as forced migration.

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Regional trade agreements-is a wide ranging tax, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees. The most common trade agreements are of the preferential and free trade types are concluded in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories

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Religious fundamentalism-the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart

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Scientific paradigms-a shared understanding among scientists or scholars working in a discipline regarding the important problems, structures, values, and assumptions determining that discipline.

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Segregation-the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart

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Self-determination-the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government:

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Soviets-an elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.

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Superpowers-a very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world).

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Tactics-an action or strategy carefully planned to achieve a specific end.

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Technological stagnation-the American economy has reached a historical technological plateau and the factors which drove economic growth for most of America's history are mostly spent.

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Terrorism-the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims

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Developing world-called a less developed country or underdeveloped country, is a nation with a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Totalitarianism-a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

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United Nations-an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.

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Warsaw Pact-a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe.

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Women's suffrage-the right of women to vote