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42 Cards in this Set
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Solid state
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Water has a rigid structure and does not flow. Intermolecular bonds are constantly being broken and reformed but the molecules remain firmly attached.
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Liquid state
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Water molecules still interact with each other, but they have enough kinetic energy to flow past each other and take the shape of their container. Intermolecular bonds are being formed and broken at a much greater rate than in the solid state.
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Gaseous state
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Water molecules no longer interact with one another except during random collisions. Water vapor molecules flow very freely , feeling the volume of whatever container they are placed in.
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Evaporation
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Conversion of a liquid to a gas below the boiling point
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Ocean surface temperatures, individual molecules converted from the liquid to the gaseous state have less energy then do water molecules at 100 degrees Celsius
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Condensation
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If enough heat energy is removed from a gas it condenses to a liquid. The temperature at which condensation occurs is the substances condensation point, which is at the same as the boiling point, which is a 100 degrees Celsius
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Heat
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Is the energy of moving molecules
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Temperature
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Is the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance
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The greater the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy of the substance
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Calorie
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Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degrees centigrade.
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The calories used to measure heat or 1000 times smaller than the familiar calories used to measure the energy content of food
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Dipolar
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Water molecule gives a slight overall negative charge to the side of the oxygen atom and a slight overall positive charge to the side of the hydrogen atoms
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This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule in electrical polarity
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Hydrologic cycle
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Relates the processes that affect seawater salinity. These processes recycle water among the ocean, the atmosphere, and the continents, so water is the continual motion between the different components of the hydrological cycle
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Residence time
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Is the average length of time that a substance resides in the ocean
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Residence time = amount of substance in the oceans ÷ rate at which substance is added to or removed from the oceans
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Salinity
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The total amount of solid material dissolved in water, including dissolved gases because even gases become solid at low enough temperatures
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Salinity is the ratio of the mass of dissolved substances to the mass of the water sample
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Surface tension
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Results from the formation of hydrogen bonds between the outermost layer of water molecules and the underlining molecules, allowing the water to pile up above a container's rim.
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Kinetic energy
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Heat is the energy of moving molecules which is proportional to the energy level of molecules
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Ionic bond
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A chemical bond resulting from the electrical attraction that exists between cations and anions
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Boiling point
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If enough heat energy is added to a liquid it converts to a gas. The temperature which boiling occurs is the substances boiling point
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Boiling point occurs at 100 degrees Celsius for 212 degrees Fahrenheit for water
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Freezing point
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Temperature at which freezing occurs, which is the same temperature as the melting point
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Clearwater, melting and freezing occur at 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit
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Arctic Circle
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66.5 degrees north latitude and south of the Antarctic Circle
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Antarctic Circle
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66.5 degrees south latitude, at certain times of the year do not experience daily cycles of daylight and darkness
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Tropic of Cancer
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The summer solstice which occurs on or about June 25th the Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky directly overhead at 23.5 degrees north latitude.
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The noonday Sun reaches its northern most or southernmost position in the sky at this time and appears to pause hence the term solstice before beginning its next 6 months cycle
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Tropic of Capricorn
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Winter solstice, occurs on or about December 22nd the Sun is directly overhead along at 23.5 degrees south latitude
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The southern hemisphere, the seasons are reversed
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Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
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Is the region between the tropics where the trade winds converge
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Daily rain showers supplied sailors with plenty of fresh water
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Jet stream
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Is a narrow, fast-moving, easterly flowing air mass. It exists above the mid latitudes just below the top of the troposphere, centered at an altitude of above 10 kilometers
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Usually follows a wavy path and may cause unusual weather by steering a polar air mass far to the south or tropical air masses far to the north
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Tradewinds
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Masses of air that moves across Earth's surface from the subtropical high pressure builds toward the equatorial low pressure belt
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Steady winds are named from the term to blow trade, which means to blow in a regular course. I first did not rotate these wind would blow in a north to south direction
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Polar easterly winds
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Air moves away from the high pressure at the poles
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Blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere
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Greenhouse effect
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Keeps Earth's surface and lower atmosphere warm the same way a greenhouse keeps plants warm enough to grow regardless of outside conditions
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Electro magnetic spectrum
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pg 219
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Heath budget
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100 units of shortwave solar radiation from the Sun mostly visible light is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by various components of the earth atmosphere system. The absorbed energy is radiated back into space from Earth as long wave infrared radiation, heat. If this infrared radiation does not leave Earth, global warming will occur.
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The Coriolis effect
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Changes the intended path of a moving body . It does not accelerate the moving body, so it does not influence the body's speed. As a result, it is in effect, not a true force.
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Named after Gaspard Gustave the Coriolis, the French engineer who first calculated its influence in 1835, it is often incorrectly called the Coriolis force.
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Warm front
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The contact between a warm air mass moving into an area occupied by cold air
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Cold front
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Is the contact between a cold air mass moving into an area occupied by warm air
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Hurricane
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In North and South America tropical cyclones
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Tropical cyclones are huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain. They are the largest storm systems on earth, though they are not associated with any front
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Icebergs
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Found at sea, but originated by breaking off or calving from glaciers that originated on land
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Sea ice
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Found throughout the year around the margin of Antarctica, within the Arctic Ocean, and in the extreme high latitude region of the North Atlantic Ocean
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Ice floe
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What should begin to form into a thin sheet, it is broken by wind stress and wave action in 2 disc shaped pieces called pancake eyes. As further freezing occurs, the pancakes coalesce to form
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Pack ice
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Floating ice that has been driven together into a single mass, commonly forms around the margins of the Arctic Ocean . This ice, which can be penetrated by ships with reinforced walls called ice breakers, reaches a maximum thickness of about 2 meters or 6.6 feet in winter
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The ice extends through the bearings straight into the Bering Sea on the Pacific side, and as far south as new Foundland and Nova Scotia in the North Atlantic. Reaches its maximum extent during me and its minimum extent when it breaks up in September
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Shelf ice
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In Antarctica where glaciers nearly cover the entire continent, the edges of glaciers form 6 floating sheets of ice, would you break off and produced that plate like icebergs
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halocline
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seperates layers of different salinity in the ocean
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high rapidly changing salinity with depth (vertical dimension)
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thermocline
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rapidly changing temperature in depth
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vertical dimension
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pycnocline
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rapidly changing in density with depth
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vertical dimension
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sea smoke
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very cold air moves over water water, the bottom air is heated and rises
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as rises carries evaporated water into the colder upper air
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fog
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condensation of water in relatively warmer air of high humidity when it knives over water that is much cooler
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warm over cold, condensation
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