Vocab Or Important Info In Book

Front 1

functional characteristics of muscle tissue?

Back 1

excitabilitty,contractility,extensibility,
elasticity

Front 2

/4 important function of body

Back 2

movement, maintaines stabilizing joints, generates heates

Front 3

4 types of muscle tisse

Back 3

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Front 4

muscle fibers?

Back 4

skeletal and smooth smooth muscle cells elongated

Front 5

muscle

Back 5

empysium;bloodvessel and nerve fibers and ct wrappings

Front 6

muscle fiber

Back 6

elongated multinucleate cell; banded appearance;edomysium

Front 7

fascicle

Back 7

perimysium,segregated from muscle by ct sheath

Front 8

myofibril

Back 8

rodlike contractile element;composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end;adjacent myofibrils

Front 9

sarcomere

Back 9

contractile unit compsed of myofilaments made of contracticle proteins

Front 10

myofilament

Back 10

thick and thin contain myosin

Front 11

endomysium

Back 11

each muscle fiber surounded by this fine sheat of ct made of aerolar and reticulr fibers

Front 12

permyisum/fasciles

Back 12

in skeletal muscle endomysium muscle fiber grouped in fasicles each fasicile is surrouned by fibrous ct called perimysium

Front 13

EPIMYSIUM

Back 13

dense regular ct surrounds whole muscle

Front 14

direct foesy attachments

Back 14

epimysium of muscle is fued to periosteum of bone of cartilage

Front 15

indirect fleshy attachments

Back 15

muscle's ct wrappings extend beyond the muscle like a rope

Front 16

tendon/aponeurosis

Back 16

anchors muscle to ct covering sketele element

Front 17

SACROLEMMA

Back 17

plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber

Front 18

sacr0plasm

Back 18

muscle fiber contains large amounts og glysomes and myoglobin

Front 19

myoglobin

Back 19

red pigment stores oxygen in sacroplasm

Front 20

myosin

Back 20

thick filaments are composed of;link thin filaments together

Front 21

actin

Back 21

thin filaments composed of;

Front 22

triads

Back 22

succusive grouping of t tubule and encircle the sacrolemma

Front 23

topomyosin

Back 23

rod shape protein; around actin;block myosin binding sites on actin so myosin heads cannot bind to thin filaments

Front 24

toponin

Back 24

protein filament three polypeptide

Front 25

elastic filament

Back 25

composed of titin; holds thick filaments in place and assisting muscle cells to spring back into shape

Front 26

dystrophin

Back 26

strucural protein that links think filaments to integral proteins of sacrolemma

Front 27

sacroplasmic recticulum

Back 27

elaborate smooth ER has terminal cisternae;regulates interacellular levels of ionic calcium;stores and released calicum on demand

Front 28

triad relationships

Back 28

act as voltage sensors and form channels through

Front 29

t tubules

Back 29

elongated tube in sacrolemma

Front 30

contraction of filaments?

Back 30

activation of myosin's cross bridges

Front 31

when does contraction end?

Back 31

cross bridges become inactive and tension declines inducing relaxtion

Front 32

when does shortening occur in filaments?

Back 32

tension generated by cross bridges on thin filamens exceeds the forces opposing shortening

Front 33

sliding filament theory of contraction

Back 33

during contraction thin filaments slide past thick ones so actin and myosin filaments overlap to greater degree

Front 34

neroumuscular junction

Back 34

when axon of motorn neuron divides into branches

Front 35

synaptic cleft

Back 35

gel like cellular substance rich in glycoproteins and collagen fibers

Front 36

synaptic vesicles

Back 36

small membranous sac with acetylcholine

Front 37

depolarzation

Back 37

transient change in membrane potential occurs suck that interior of sacrolemma becomes less negative

Front 38

refractory period

Back 38

cell cannot be stimulated again until repolarization is complete

Front 39

excitation contraction coupling

Back 39

sequence of events which transmission of action potential along sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments

Front 40

muscle fiber contraction steps

Back 40

1 cross bridge
2 power stroke
3cross bridge detachement
4cocking of myosin head

Front 41

motor unit?

Back 41

motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies

Front 42

graded muscle response

Back 42

varations of muscle movement which can be by stimulation and stimulus

Front 43

muscle twitch?

Back 43

response of motor unit to single action potential of a motor neuron

Front 44

the three phases of a twich are?

Back 44

latent pierod, period of contraction, period of relaxtion

Front 45

isotonic contractions

Back 45

muscle length changes tenstion remains constant

Front 46

concentric contractions

Back 46

muscle shortens

Front 47

eccentric contractions

Back 47

generates force as it lengthens used for coordination

Front 48

isometric contractions

Back 48

build up muscle's peak producing capacity

Front 49

aerobic respiration

Back 49

molecules are broken and energy realeased to make ATP

Front 50

aerobic endurance

Back 50

length of time muscle continues to contract using aerobic pathways

Front 51

anaerobic threshold

Back 51

point which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis

Front 52

muscle fatigue

Back 52

inability to contract flesh can perform but human is tired

Front 53

internal tensions

Back 53

stretches series elastic components

Front 54

external tension

Back 54

transfer tension helps muscle return to length

Front 55

length tension relationship

Back 55

in sacromere occurs muscle is slightly stretched think and thick filaments overlap

Front 56

6 necessary life functions

Back 56

maintaining boundaries movement resposiveness digestion reproduction

Front 57

survival needs

Back 57

oxygen water atmospheric pressure nutrients

Front 58

receptor?

Back 58

type of sensor monitos environement and respons to changes

Front 59

control center?

Back 59

determins set pointand course of action

Front 60

negative feedback

Back 60

output shut off original stimulus or reduces intensity

Front 61

postive feedback

Back 61

reslut or response enhances original stimulus so activity is accelerated

Front 62

axial part

Back 62

head neck trunk

Front 63

appendicular part

Back 63

limbs attached to body's axis

Front 64

superior

Back 64

toward the head end of upper part of body

Front 65

inferior

Back 65

away from head end or toward lower part of structure of body

Front 66

ventral

Back 66

toward or at the back of body

Front 67

medial

Back 67

toward or at midleline of body

Front 68

intermediate

Back 68

between a more medial and more lateral structure

Front 69

proximal

Back 69

closer to orgin of body part or point of attachment of a llimb to body trunk

Front 70

distal

Back 70

farther from the orgin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to body trunk

Front 71

superficial

Back 71

torward or at the body surface

Front 72

deep

Back 72

away from the body surface

Front 73

kinetic energy

Back 73

energy in action

Front 74

potential energy

Back 74

stored energy or inactive energy

Front 75

forms of energy

Back 75

chemical,radiant,electrical,mechanical

Front 76

isoptopes

Back 76

same number of protons and electrons but differ in nuetrons

Front 77

radioisotopes

Back 77

isotopes that have atomic decay and lose radioactivity

Front 78

compound

Back 78

two or more diff kinds of atoms bind

Front 79

solution

Back 79

homogenous mixtures

Front 80

solvent

Back 80

substance present in largest amount and usually liquids

Front 81

solute

Back 81

substances present in smaller amounts

Front 82

colloids

Back 82

hetergenous mixtures often appear translucent particles do not settle ; scatter light

Front 83

susupesion

Back 83

heterogenous mixture with large visible solutes tend to settle out

Front 84

ionic bond

Back 84

chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of one or more electrons to an atom to the other

Front 85

covalent bond

Back 85

electron sharing

Front 86

nonpolar

Back 86

electrically balanced

Front 87

polar

Back 87

unequall elctron sharing

Front 88

diploe

Back 88

two charges

Front 89

electrolytes

Back 89

oppisetly charged ions

Front 90

acid

Back 90

proton donor,sour taste,release hydrogen ions

Front 91

bases

Back 91

bitter taste,slippery,proton acceptor,take up hydrogen ions 7-14

Front 92

disaccharides

Back 92

double sugar

Front 93

monosaccride

Back 93

simple sugar

Front 94

isomer

Back 94

same molecular formula but atoms arranged diff

Front 95

lipds

Back 95

insolubale in water dissolve in other lipids

Front 96

triglyceroids

Back 96

neutral fats

Front 97

phospholipids

Back 97

modified triglyercids

Front 98

amino acid

Back 98

builidng block of protein

Front 99

enzymes

Back 99

are cataylsts regulate and accelerate

Front 100

nucelic acids

Back 100

largest molecules in body

Front 101

hydrophobic

Back 101

water hating phospholipd tail with two fatty acids

Front 102

hdyrophilic

Back 102

water loving phosphlipd polar head that is charged

Front 103

glycolipids

Back 103

phospholipd with sugar groups

Front 104

integral protein

Back 104

hyrdophoic and hydrophilic and insterted in lipid bailer

Front 105

peripheral protein

Back 105

not emebedded in lipid

Front 106

microvilli

Back 106

fingerlike extension of plasma membrane increase area

Front 107

tight junction

Back 107

prevent molecules from passing through

Front 108

desmosomes

Back 108

anchoring junction prevent seperation

Front 109

gap junction

Back 109

communicating junction between adjacent cells

Front 110

selectively permreable

Back 110

alllows some substances to pass through while excluding others

Front 111

diffusion

Back 111

molecules scatter even throughout environment

Front 112

simple diffusion

Back 112

unassisted diffusion of particles

Front 113

faciliated diffusion

Back 113

unable to pass through lipid baiyler

Front 114

osmosis

Back 114

diffusion of solvent through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 115

hydrostatic pressure

Back 115

back pressure exerted by water against membrane

Front 116

osmotic pressure

Back 116

cells tendancy to resist furher water entry

Front 117

tonicity

Back 117

change shape of water volume

Front 118

isotonic

Back 118

solutions of same concentration

Front 119

hypertonic

Back 119

higher concentraion of nonpenetrating solutes

Front 120

hypotonic

Back 120

lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes

Front 121

phagocytosis

Back 121

endocytosis large material engulfed by cell

Front 122

phagosome

Back 122

endocytotic vescile

Front 123

ribosomes

Back 123

proteins of rna

Front 124

mitochondria

Back 124

threadlike membranous organelles

Front 125

cytoplasm

Back 125

cellular material between plasma membrane ad nucleus

Front 126

cytosol

Back 126

fluid in ctyoplasm

Front 127

rough er

Back 127

where ribosomes are created

Front 128

er

Back 128

cells created

Front 129

golgi apparatus

Back 129

flattened membranous sacs

Front 130

lysosomes

Back 130

spherical membranous organelles with digestive enzymes

Front 131

cytoskeleton

Back 131

eleborate series of rods running through cytplasm

Front 132

microtubules

Back 132

holllow tubes made up of proteins

Front 133

microfilaments

Back 133

thinest elements of cytoskeleton

Front 134

intermediate filaments

Back 134

tough insoluable protein fibers

Front 135

cilia

Back 135

whiplike motile cellular extensions

Front 136

flagells

Back 136

long projections

Front 137

basal bodies

Back 137

centrioles forming bases of cilia and flagella

Front 138

nucleous

Back 138

control center of cell

Front 139

chromatin

Back 139

straind made up of dna histone and rna

Front 140

nuecleolie

Back 140

dark staing spherical bodies in nucleus

Front 141

nuclear envelope

Back 141

double membrane barried seperated by fluid filled space

Front 142

transcription

Back 142

transfer of info from dna to mrna molecule

Front 143

translation

Back 143

steps of protein synthesis in nnucleic acids