Vocab From Chapter 4-6 Of Understanding Nutrition

Front 1

Monosaccharides

Back 1

Carbohydrates of the general formula that typically form a single ring. (Simple Carbohydrate)

Front 2

Disaccharides

Back 2

Pairs of Monosaccharides linked together (Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose)

Front 3

Polysaccharides

Back 3

Compounds composed of many Monosaccharides linked together. Complex Carbs (Starch, Fiber, Glycogen)

Front 4

Gluconeogenesis

Back 4

The making of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source.

Front 5

Ketone Bodies

Back 5

The product of the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells.

Front 6

Ketosis

Back 6

An undesirable high concetration of Ketone Bodies in the blood and urine.

Front 7

Insulin

Back 7

A hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to increaded blood glucose concentration.

Front 8

Glucagon

Back 8

A hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose concentration.

Front 9

Epinephrine

Back 9

Release of glucose from liver glycogen stores. A hormone of the adrenal gland that modulates the stress response, aka adrenaline.

Front 10

Hydrophobic

Back 10

Water-Fearing (non-water soluble) ex. Fats

Front 11

Hydrophilic

Back 11

Water-Loving (water-soluble) ex. Enzymes for digesting fats.

Front 12

Micelle

Back 12

Tiny, spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion. Most contain bile salsts & fatty acids.

Front 13

Lipoprotein

Back 13

Clusters of Lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lumph and blood

Front 14

Essential Fatty Acids

Back 14

Fatty Acids needed by the body but not made in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.

Front 15

Adipose Tissue

Back 15

the body's fat tissue; consists of masses of triglyceride-storing cells.

Front 16

Blood Lipid Profile

Back 16

Results of blood tests that reveal a person's total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins.

Front 17

Cardiovascular Disease

Back 17

A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD

Front 18

Amino Acids

Back 18

Building blocks of proteins.

Front 19

Essential Amino Acids

Back 19

.Amino Acids that the body cannot synthesize in the amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.

Front 20

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

Back 20

An Amino Acid that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it.

Front 21

Peptide Bond

Back 21

A bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain.

Front 22

Dipeptide

Back 22

Two Amino Acids bonded together.

Front 23

Tripeptide

Back 23

3 amino acids bonded together.

Front 24

Polupeptide

Back 24

many amino acids bonded together. more than 10.

Front 25

Denaturation

Back 25

the change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, base, acid, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents.

Front 26

Edema

Back 26

the swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces, seen in protein deficiency.

Front 27

Protein Turnover

Back 27

The degradation and synthesis of protein.

Front 28

Amino Acid Pool

Back 28

The supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy

Front 29

Nitrogen Balance

Back 29

The amount of Nitrogen consumed as compared to the amount of Nitrogen excreted in a given period of time.

Front 30

Deamination

Back 30

removal of the amino group from a compound such as an amino acid.

Front 31

High-Quality Protein

Back 31

Dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require. They may also contain nonessential amino acids.

Front 32

Complimentary Protein

Back 32

Two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other.

Front 33

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Back 33

A defeciency of Protein, kcals, or both, including Marasmus or Kwashiorkor.

Front 34

Acute PEM

Back 34

Protein-energy malnutrition caused by recent severe food restriction; Thinness for height (Wasting)

Front 35

Chronic PEM

Back 35

Protein-energy malnutrition caused by long-term food deprivation; Short height for age.

Front 36

Marasmus

Back 36

A form of PEM that resutls from a severe deprivation, or impaired absorbtion, of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals.

Front 37

Kwashiorkor

Back 37

A form of PEM that results from either inadequate protein intake or, more commonly, from infections.D