Vocab Foundations Exam 3

Front 1

extension

Back 1

straightening, increasing the joint angle

Front 2

flexion

Back 2

bending, decreasing the joint angle

Front 3

abduction

Back 3

moving away from midline

Front 4

adduction

Back 4

moving toward midline

Front 5

internal rotation

Back 5

turning toward midline

Front 6

external rotation

Back 6

turning away from midline.

Front 7

pronation (prone)

Back 7

turning downward

Front 8

supination (supine)

Back 8

turning upward

Front 9

eversion

Back 9

turning outward

Front 10

inversion

Back 10

turning inward

Front 11

alignment

Back 11

or posture, proper posture places the spine in a neutral (resting) position. Good alignment promotes good balance and contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system.

Front 12

range of motion

Back 12

the maximum movement possible at a joint.

Front 13

passive range of motion

Back 13

assistance provided by nurse.

Front 14

crepitus

Back 14

a creaking or grating sound with joint motion.

Front 15

atrophy

Back 15

a decrease in the size of muscle tissue due to lack of use or loss of innervation.

Front 16

clonus

Back 16

a spasmodic contraction of opposing muscles resulting in tremorous movement.

Front 17

flaccidity

Back 17

a decrease or absence of muscle tone.

Front 18

hemiplegia

Back 18

paralysis of one side of the body.

Front 19

hypertrophy

Back 19

an increase in the size or bulk of a muscle or organ.

Front 20

active range of motion

Back 20

the movement of the joint through the entire ROM by the individual.

Front 21

parapleglia

Back 21

paralysis of the lower portion of the trunk and both legs.

Front 22

paresthesia

Back 22

numbness, tingling, or burning due to injury of the nerve(s) innervating the affected area.

Front 23

quadriplegia

Back 23

paralysis of all four extremities.

Front 24

spasticity

Back 24

motor disorder characterized by increased muscle tone, exaggerated tendon jerks, and clonus.

Front 25

tremor

Back 25

involuntary quivering movement of a body part.

Front 26

void

Back 26

also called urination or micturition; occurs when contraction of the detrusor muscle pushes stored urine through the relaxed internal urethral spincter into the urethra. To evacuate the bladder.

Front 27

pylonephritis

Back 27

if UTI is not treated promptly, the infection may progress superiorly to the ureters or kidneys. Inflammation of the kidney, usually resulting from a bacterial infection that has ascended from the urinary bladder.

Front 28

dysuria

Back 28

painful or difficult urination. May be associated with infection or partial obstruction of the urinary tract as well as medications that trigger urinary retention. Painful or difficult urination.

Front 29

nocturia

Back 29

frequent urination after going to bed. May be caused by excessive fluid intake as well as a variety of urinary tract and cardiovascular probelems. Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed.

Front 30

polyuria

Back 30

excessive urination. May be caused by excessive hydration, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or kidney disease.

Front 31

hematuria

Back 31

blood in the urine. May be due to trauma, kidney stones, infection, or menstruation.

Front 32

oliguria

Back 32

urine output of less than 400 ml in 24 hours.

Front 33

anuria

Back 33

the absence of urine. This term is used when urine output is less than 100 ml in 24 hours.

Front 34

incontinence

Back 34

lack of voluntary control over urination. Lack of self-control of urine or feces.

Front 35

nephropathy

Back 35

a broad term meaning disease of the kidney.

Front 36

nephrotoxic

Back 36

a substance that damages kidney tissue. Some antibiotics (gentamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lead, and contrast media have the potential to be nephrotoxic.

Front 37

urgency

Back 37

a sudden, almost uncontrollable need to urinate.

Front 38

pyuria

Back 38

pus in the urine. May be caused by lesions or infection in the urinary tract.

Front 39

proteinuria

Back 39

the presence of protein in the urine. May be a sign of infection or kidney disease.

Front 40

frequency

Back 40

the need to urinate at short intervals.

Front 41

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Back 41

a permanent rise in serum creatinine levels associated with loss of kidney function that must be treated with dialysis or transplantation. Also known as chronic renal failure (CRF).

Front 42

acute renal failure (ARF)

Back 42

an acute rise in the serum creatinine level of 25% or more. May be caused by inadequate blood flow to the kidney, injury to the kidney glomeruli or tubules, or obstruction of kidney outflow.

Front 43

cystis

Back 43

occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra into the bladder, causing bladder infection.

Front 44

micturation

Back 44

Urination.

Front 45

kegel exercises

Back 45

most commonly used pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation exercises.

Front 46

enuresis

Back 46

involuntary urination after about 5 to 6 years of age, when control is usually established. It is more common in boys than girls, and precise cause is not fully understood. Repetitious contraction and relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles in order to improve urinary incontinence.

Front 47

hypertrophy

Back 47

excessive growth. In older men, hypertrophy of the prostate gland due to benign or cancerous lesions, which interferes with the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra.

Front 48

defecation

Back 48

evacuation of the bowels. Process by which the bowel eliminates waste.

Front 49

flatus

Back 49

expelling of gas from the anus.

Front 50

occult

Back 50

blood present in such small quantities that it is not visible to the naked eye.

Front 51

gastrointestinal

Back 51

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) large intestine/colon, rectum and anus (internal sphincter and external sphincter)

Front 52

mastication

Back 52

chewing

Front 53

peristalsis

Back 53

a progressive wave like motion that occurs involuntarily in the digestive system.

Front 54

hemorrhoids

Back 54

enlarged veins in the anal area often producing pain and/or bleeding.

Front 55

diverticulosis

Back 55

when the colon must repeatedly move highly compacted fecal material, over time the longitudinal and circular muscles enlarge. This increases force on the mucosal tissues, causing them to “balloon” out between the muscles and to form pouches in which fecal matter becomes trapped. The development of these saclike outpouchings of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall.

Front 56

diverticulitis

Back 56

when the pouches of diverticulosis become infected.

Front 57

constipation

Back 57

: a decrease in a person’s normal frequency of defecation, difficult or incomplete passage of stool. Caused when stools become dry and hard when peristalsis slows and too much water is reabsorbed from the fecal mass. Abdominal pain, a feeling of rectal fullness, straining or pain with defecation, and some rectal bleeding. Unrelieved constipation may lead to fecal impaction.

Front 58

diarrhea

Back 58

the passage of loose, unformed or watery stools. Abdominal pain, cramping, and urgency; at least three loose liquid stools per day; and hyperactive bowel sounds are characteristics. May also experience bloating, fever, and blood in the stools depending upon the cause.

Front 59

dyspepsia

Back 59

upper abdominal discomfort, often chronic or persistent, frequently referred to as indigestion

Front 60

feces

Back 60

elimination of food waste products. Consists primarily of bacteria, insoluble fiber, and other material that was not absorbed during passage through the GI tract.

Front 61

ileus

Back 61

Obstruction of the intestine due to it being paralyzed. The paralysis does not need to be complete to cause ileus, but the intestine must be so inactive that it prohibits the passage of food and leads to blockage of the intestine. Also called paralytic ileus.

Front 62

ostomy

Back 62

the output is expelled through a surgically created opening in the abdominal wall. Also known as stoma. Need one when have a bowel diversion

Front 63

ileostomy

Back 63

brings a portion of the ileum through a surgical opening in the abdomen, bypassing the large intestine entirely. Patient must wear an ostomy appliance at all times to collect drainage.

Front 64

impaction

Back 64

the overloading of feces in the bowel.

Front 65

enema

Back 65

introduction of solution into the rectum to soften feces, distend the colon, and stimulate peristalsis and evacuation of feces. (cleansing, retention, return-flow)

Front 66

stoma

Back 66

the output is expelled through a surgically created opening in the abdominal wall. Also known as ostomy. Will need one after receiving a bowel diversion.

Front 67

paralytic ileus

Back 67

cessation of bowel peristalsis. Also called ileus

Front 68

colostomy

Back 68

brings portion of the colon through a surgical opening in the abdomen.

Front 69

flexure

Back 69

A curve, turn, or fold, such as a bend in a tubular organ: a flexure in the colon

Front 70

dysphagia

Back 70

inability to swallow or difficulty swallowing

Front 71

rotation

Back 71

turn the upper body from side to side (twist at the waist)