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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maturation
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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
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Schema
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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation
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Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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Accommodation
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Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Cognition
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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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Sensorimeter stage
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In Piaget's theory the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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Object permanence
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
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Conservation
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The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
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Egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Sensorimeter stage
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In Piaget's theory the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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Object permanence
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
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Conservation
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The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
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Egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Theory of mind
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People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
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Autism
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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
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Concrete operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
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Formal operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
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Stranger anxiety
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The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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Attachment
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An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Critical Period
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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Imprinting
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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period
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Basic trust
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According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsible caregivers
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Self-concept
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A sense of one's identity and personal worth
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Adolescence
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The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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Puberty
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The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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Primary sex characteristics
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The body structure (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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Secondary sex characteristics
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Nonproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
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Menarche
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The first menstrual period
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Identity
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One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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Intimacy
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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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Intelligence
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Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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Factor analysis
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A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
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General intelligence
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A general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
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Savant syndrome
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A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
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Emotional intelligence
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The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
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Creativity
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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Heritability
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The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
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Stereotype threat
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A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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Sexual response cycle
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The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Refractory period
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A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
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Sexual disorder
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A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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Estrogen
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A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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Testosterone
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The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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Sexual orientation
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An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation of the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
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Flow
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A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
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Industrial-organizational psychology
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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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Personnel psychology
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A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
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Organizational psychology
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A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
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Structured interviews
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Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
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Achievement motivation
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A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
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Task leadership
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Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work and focuses attention on goals
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Social leadership
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Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
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