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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primer
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an RNA or DNA oligonucleotide that can serve as a template for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase when annealed (heat and allow to cool) to a longer DNA molecule
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primosome
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a protein complex at the replication fork whose central component is PRIMASE
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primase
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an enzyme that makes RNA primers in DNA replication
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replisome
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molecular machine at the replication fork that coordinates the numerous reactions necessary for the rapid and accurate replication of DNA
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DNA ligase
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an enzyme in DNA replication and repair that seals the DNA backbone by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
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DNA pol III holoenzyme
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in E. coli, the large multisubunit complex at the replication fork consisting of two catalytic cores and many accessory proteins. It has proofreading capabilities that correct replication mistakes by means of exonuclease activity.
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Beta clamp
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encircles DNA to keep pol III attached to DNA molecule
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helicase
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an enzyme that breaks H bonds in DNA and unwinds the DNA during movement of the replication fork
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topoisomerase
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an enzyme that can cut and reform polynucleotide backbones in DNA to allow it to assume a more relaxed configuration
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single strand binding proteins (SSB)
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prevent double helix from reforming after replication
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spliceosome
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the ribonucleoprotein processing complex that removes introns from eukaryotic mRNAs
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ribozyme
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an RNA with enzymatic activity- for instance, the self-splicing RNA molecules
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template. Eukaryotes possess several classes of RNA polymerase; structural genes encoding proteins are transcribed by RNA polymerase II
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promoter
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a regulator region that is a short distance from the 5' end of a gene and acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase
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5' UTR
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the region of the RNA transcript at the 5' end upstream of the translation start site
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RNA polymerase holoenzyme
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the bacterial multisubunit complex composed of the 4 subunits of the core enzyme plus the sigma factor
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sigma factor
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a bacterial protein that, as part of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, recognizes the -10 and -35 regions of bacterial promoters, thus positioning the holoenzyme to initiate transcription correctly at the start site. It dissociates from the holoenzyme before RNA synthesis
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transcription bubble
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the site at which the double helix is unwound so that RNA polymerase can use one of the DNA strands as a template for RNA synthesis
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3' UTR
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the region of the RNA transcript at the 3' end downstream of the site of translation termination
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general transcription factors (GTFs)
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a eukaryotic protein complex that does not take part in RNA synthesis but binds to the promoter region to attract and correctly position RNA polymerase II for transcription initiation
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pre-initiation complex
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a very large eukaryotic protein complex comprising RNA polymerase II and the six general transcription factors each of which is a multiprotein complex
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TATA box
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a DNA sequence found in many eukaryotic genes that is located about 30 bp upstream of the transcription start site
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carboxyl tail domain
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the protein tail of the Beta subunit of RNA polymerase II; it coordinates the processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNAs including capping, splicing, and termination
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cap
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specialized structure consisting of a 7-methylguanosine residue linked to the transcript by 3 phosphate groups, that is added in the nucleus to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA .It protects an mRNA from degradation and is required for translation of the mRNA in the cytoplasm.
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poly (A) tail
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A string of A nucleotides added to mRNA after transcription
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
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an enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a tRNA before its use in translation. There are 20 different aminoacyl-tRNAs, one for each amino acid
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peptidyltransferse center
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the site in the large ribosomal subunit at which the joining of 2 amino acids is catalyzed
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decoding center
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the region in the small ribosomal subunit where the decision is made whether an aminoacyl-tRNA can bind in the A site. This decision is based on complementarity between the anticodon of the tRNA and the codon of the mRNA
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initiator
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a special tRNA that inserts the first amino acid of a polypeptide chain into the ribosomal P site at the start of translation. The amino acid carried by the initiator in bacteria is N-formylmethionine.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
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a short sequence in bacterial RNA that precedes the initiation AUG codon and serves to correctly position this codon in the P site of the ribosome by pairing with the 3' end of the 16S RNA in the 30 S ribosomal subunit
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release factor
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a protein that binds to the A site of the ribosome when a stop codon is in the mRNA
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