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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acculturation
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Process of intercultural borrowing between diverse peoples, resulting in a new and blended pattern.
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assimilation
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The result of an individual giving up his or her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture.
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biculturalism
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Term used to describe a person who has two culture's lifestyles or sets of values.
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bilineal
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Kinship extended to both the father's and mother's side of the family.
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confianza
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A Spanish term for caregivers who interact with the client in a personalistic, warm, friendly, and respectful manner.
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cultural backlash
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A counterculture effect when experience with the new or different culture is extremely negative and the culture is then rejected.
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cultural care accommodation or negotiations
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Adapt or negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome.
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cultural care preservation and maintenance
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Retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that clients can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.
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cultural imposition
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Using one's own values and lifeways as the absolute guide in dealing with clients and interpreting their behaviors.
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cultural pain
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May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
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culturally congruent care
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Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings.
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culture
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Nonphysical traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes, and customs shared by a group and passed from one generation to the next.
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culture bond syndrome
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Illnesses constituted by the personal, social, and cultural explanations and reactions of a given society to perceived dysfunctions or abnormalities in its members.
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emic worldview
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An insider or native perspective of any intercultural encounter.
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enculturation
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Socialization into one's primary culture as a child.
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ethnicity
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Cultural group's sense of identification associated with the group's common social and cultural heritage.
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ethnocentrism
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Strong belief that one's own cultural group is the best and that all that this group believes and teaches is truth.
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ethnohistory
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Knowledge of a client's country of origin and its history and ecological contexts.
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etic worldview
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An outsider's perspective of an intercultural encounter.
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fictive
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Nonblood kin.
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Halal
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Foods that are permissible for Muslims to eat. includes meat (that has been slaughtered during a prayer ritual), fish, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, milk, and cheese.
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haram
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Foods that are prohibited for Muslims to eat. includes non-Halal meat, animals with fangs, pork products, gelatin products, and alcohol.
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hilot
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The name Filipinos use for a practitioner other than medical doctors attending childbirth.
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Hmongs
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A culture that believes in the global causation of illness that goes beyond the mind and body of the person to forces of nature.
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Hwa-Byung
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A Korean culture-bound syndrome observed among middle-age, low-income women who are overwhelmed and frustrated by the burden of caregiving for their in-laws, husbands, and children.
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Igbos
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A culture in West Africa that greatly celebrates the birth of a son.
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invisible culture
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The less visible components of a culture.
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kosher
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The diet of the Jewish people, including avoiding meat from carnivores, pork products, and fish without scales or fins.
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matrilineal
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Kinship to the mother's side of the family.
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naturalistic practitioners
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Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body.
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patrilineal
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Kinship to the father's side of the family.
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personalismo
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Mexican-American term for caregivers who interact with them in personalistic manner.
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personalistic practitioners
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Cultural healers who believe that health and illness can be caused by active influence of an external agent, which can be human (e.g., sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, or deity).
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rabbi
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A Jewish cleric or teacher.
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Ramadan
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A Muslim time of fasting during daylight hours for the 28 days of the ninth lunar month.
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respeto
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Spanish word for respectful.
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rites of passage
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Significant social markers of changes in a person's life.
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Sabbath
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The day God appointed to be observed as a day of rest. Jewish people refrain from using electrical appliances on the Sabbath.
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shaman
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A priest or conjurer among those who profess shamanism, such as the Hmongs, an Asian culture.
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Sikh (Sikhism)
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An Indian culture, half religious, half military. Sikh man easily identified by visible artifacts that he wears (uncut hair with wooden comb, beard, turban, cotton underwear, steel bracelet, and short sword).
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simpatia
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Spanish word for warm and friendly.
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subcultures
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Cultures that represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture.
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transcultural nursing
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Nursing style that represents an effort by nurses from all cultural backgrounds and clinical areas to come together and define concepts that enable them to develop the knowledge and skills needed to provide culturally sensitive care.
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visible culture
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A culture that has easily seen components. It is important to understand that the invisible value-belief system of a particular culture is the major driving force behind visible practices.
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ageism
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Attitude that disadvantages, separates, and stigmatizes older adults on the basis of age-related characteristics.
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Alzheimer's disease
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Brain disorder that causes a gradual and progressive decline in cognitive functioning: the most frequent cause of irreversible dementia. also known as senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT).
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delirium
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Syndrome involving impairment of memory and other cognitive abilities and characterized by clouding of consciousness.
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dementia
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Progressive, organic mental state characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, decreased intellectual function, and other cognitive changes, which can have a variety of causes.
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geriatrics
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Branch of health care dealing with the physiology and psychology of aging and with the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses affecting the older adult.
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gerontic nursing
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Seldom-used term that considers the nursing care of older adults to be the art and practice of nurturing, caring, and comforting rather than merely the treatment of disease.
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gerontological nursing
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Nursing specialty that focuses on the health care needs of the older adult. Gerontological nurses have a broad focus and assist older adults in maximizing their functional capabilities.
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gerontology
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Study of all aspects of the aging processes and their consequences.
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nonstochastic theory
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Biological theory of aging that states that the occurrence of aging changes are predetermined by mechanisms within the body.
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stochastic theories
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Biological theories that consider that aging is caused by random damage that accumulates over time.
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reality orientation
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Communication technique used to make an older adult more aware of time, place and person with the purpose of restoring a sense of reality, improving the level of awareness, promoting socialization, elevating independent functioning and minimizing confusion, disorientation, and physical regression.
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reminiscence
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Recalling the past.
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validation therapy
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Alternative approach to communication with a confused older adult which accepts the description of the time and place as stated by the confused older adult.
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depression
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Mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness and discouragement resulting from and abnormally proportionate to some personal loss or tragedy.
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pharmacokinetics
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Study of how drugs enter the body, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit from the body.
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malpractice
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Injurious or unprofessional actions that harm another.
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amino acids
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Building blocks that construct proteins. the end products of protein digestion.
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anabolism
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Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter.
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anorexia
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Condition in which ill or debilitated clients have poor appetites.
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anorexia nervosa
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Disease characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and an abnormal fear of becoming obese.
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body mass index (BMI)
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Measurement of weight, corrected for height, which serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.
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bulimia nervosa
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Insatiable craving for fond, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating that are followed by purging, depression, and self-deprivation.
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carbohydrate
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Dietary classification of food such as sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum.
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catabolism
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Complex metabolic process in which energy is liberated for use in work, energy, storage, or heat production by oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. carbon dioxide and water, as well as energy, are produced.
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daily values
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Set of dietary standards for eight nutrients and food categories.
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dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
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Format presenting a range of acceptable intake in place of absolute values.
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dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing.
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enteral nutrition (EN)
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Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients.
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enzymes
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Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions in organic matter.
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fat-soluble vitamins
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Organic compounds essential for normal physiological and metabolic functioning. classified on the basis of their fat solubility.
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fatty acids
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Nutrients composed of chains of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other.
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gluconeogenesis
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Formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins or lipids.
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glycogenesis
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Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.
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glycogenolysis
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Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.
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hypervitaminosis
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Condition caused by excessive intake of a vitamin. less likely to occur with water-soluble vitamins.
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ideal body weight (IBW)
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Estimate of what a person should weigh.
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ketone
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Organic chemical compound characterized by having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group, =CO, attached to two alkyl groups.
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lipid
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Any of the free fatty acid fractions in the blood.
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lipid emulsions
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Soybean- or safflower-oil-based solutions that are isotonic and that may be infused with amino acid and dextrose solution through a central or peripheral line.
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macromineral
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Minerals classified as having a daily requirement of 100 mg or more.
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malabsorption
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Set of symptoms resulting from disorders in the intestinal absorption of nutrients. characterized by anorexia, weight loss, bloating of the abdomen, and muscle cramps.
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medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
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Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition.
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metabolism
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Aggregate of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other functions concerned with the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion.
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minerals
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Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
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monosaturated (fatty acids)
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Fatty acids that have one carbon bond.
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nitrogen balance
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Relationship between the nitrogen taken into the body, usually as food, and the nitrogen excreted from the body in urine and feces. Most of the body's nitrogen is incorporated into protein.
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nutrient density
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Proportion of essential nutrients to the number of calories of a specific food.
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parenteral nutrition (PN)
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Administration of nutrition into the vascular system.
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polyunsaturated (fatty acids)
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Fatty acids that have two or more carbon double bonds.
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resting energy expenditure (REE)
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Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.
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saturated (fatty acids)
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Fatty acids in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom.
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simple carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides and disaccharides, found primarily in sugars.
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trace elements
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Minerals when less than 100 mg is needed daily. microminerals.
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triglycerides
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Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
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unsaturated (fatty acids)
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Fatty acids in which an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond.
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vegetarianism
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Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.
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vitamins
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Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements.
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water-soluble vitamins
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Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body and must be provided in the daily food intake, such as vitamin C and B complex.
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anthopometry
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A measurement system of the size and makeup of the body, including height and weight, BMI and other objective data showing the body's construction.
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dispensable amino acids
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Amino acids that the body synthesizes
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indispensible amino acids
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Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize
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kilocalorie (kcal)
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Measurement of heat that is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure. used by nutritionists to characterize the energy-producing potential in food
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions.
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rest
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Feeling of mental relaxation and freedom from anxiety. physical calm.
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fiber
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Nutrient that contains cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin. sources are mainly fruits and vegetables.
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chyme
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Viscous, semifluid contents of the stomach present during digestion of a meal that eventually pass into the intestines.
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peristalsis
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Coordinated, rhythmic, serial contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.
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Burnout
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A syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others, and perceptions of reduced personal accomplishment
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Ego-defense mechanism
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Unconscious behavior that protects a person from an emotional stress.
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General adaptation syndrome
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Generalized defense response of the body to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
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Situational crisis
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Crisis occurring suddenly in response to a specific external event or conflict.
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Stress
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Physiological or psychological tension that threatens homeostasis or a person's psychological equilibrium.
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Agnostic
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Term used to describe individuals who believe that any ultimate reality is unknowable.
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Self transcendence
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the belief that there is a force out side of and greater than the person that is goes beyond space and time.
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Spiritual distress
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State of being out of harmony with a system of beliefs, a supreme being, or God.
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Identity confusion
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Form of self-concept disturbance in which a person does not maintain a clear consciousness of a consistent and continuous self;sense of fragmentation or distortion
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Role ambiguity
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State in which a person has unclear role expectations and feels unable to predict the outcomes of behavior
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Role conflict
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State in which a person experiences incongruent or incompatible expectations within one role or between two or more simultaneously held roles.
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Role overload
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State in which a person has more roles or more responsibilities within a role than are manageable.
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Role performance
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Way in which an individual perceives his or her competency in carrying out significant roles.
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Role strain
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Generalized state of frustration or anxiety produced by the stress of role conflict and ambiguity.
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Self-concept
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Complex, dynamic integration of conscious and unconscious feelings, attitudes, and perceptions about one's identity, physical being, worth, and roles;how people percieve and define themselves
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Self esteem
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Feeling of self-worth characterized by feelings of achievement, adequacy, self-confidence, and usefulness
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