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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
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Flashbulb Memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant movement or events
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Encoding
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processing info into the memory system. (creating a file)
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Storage
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retention of encoded info over time (save)
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Retrieval
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the process of getting info out of memory storage (opening the file)
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What are the three memory systems? What do each do?
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Sensory Memory, Short and Long term memory.
Sensory Mem-this holds info coming in through senses for a fraction of a sec or several secs Short term mem-memory that holds a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten for about 30 secs w/o rehearsal Long term mem-relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system |
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Two parts of the LTM? Def. of each?
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Explicit and Implicit Mem.
Explicit-consists of facts info and events Implicit-consists of memory for skills |
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Serial Position Effect
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a tendency to recall best the first and last items of the list
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Recency Effect
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recalling the last items in the lst
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Primary Effect
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recalling the first items in the list
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Von Restoff Effect
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recalling info more easy and more accurately because it stands out in some way from the rest
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Recognition
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measure of memory in which one needs only identify items previously learned. (multiple choice)
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Recall
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measure of memory in which one must retrieve info previously learned (fill in blank or short answers/essay)
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Hippocampus
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a nerve center in the brain that helps process memories for storage; especially important for recognition and spatial memory for navigation
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Mnemonics
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memory aids that helps you remember info based on the vivid imagery and organizarional devices.
(SAVE CRIB FOTO) 12 memory principles |
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Chunking
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turning large amounts of info into much smaller amounts or units
(1492177618121941-----1442 1776 1812 1941) |
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Massed Practice
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learning in one long practice session w/o rest periods.
(cramming) |
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The Spacing Effect
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distributed study practice that leads to better long term memory better than massed practice
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Misinformation Effect
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incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event
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Context Effect
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memory for an item/event is enhanced when a person is in the same situation/enviroment in which he or she first experienced that item/event
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Sleep and Memory
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Info presented right before we fall asleep is not remembered, but info presented a hour before we fall asleep is well remembered
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Proactive Interference
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when old info interferes with new info, its hard to retrieve new info because you keep thinking of the old info
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Retroactive Interference
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when new info interferes with old info, its hard to remember old info because you keep thinking of the new info
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Personality
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an individual's characteristics pattern of thinking, acting, and feeling
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Implicit Personality Theories
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ideas about personality that are held by people but are not based on theory or research
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate traits on other's behaviors we see at that time
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Actor Observer Difference
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tendency to attribute other's behavior to traits/internal causes and attribute our behavior to situational factors
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Sigmund Freud
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he was the first to asked what makes us who are are ad grew up in a sexually repressed society, so he say our personality is based off SEX and AGGRESSION
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ID
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Least conscious element; what we are born with; satisfaction of sexual and aggression urges
"gimmie gimmie gimmie right now!" *operates pleasure principle |
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Superego
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suppress ID impulses(push those thoughts away)
*operates morality principle-whats right and wrong) (you should be a shame of yourself!) |
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Ego
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mostly conscious; deals with demands of reality, ID and Superego; (tries to resolve conflict)
*operates the reality principle-satisfy the ID impulses in realistic ways that aren't going to result in punishment, but rather in peasure |
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Defense Mechanisms
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ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
contains-REPRESSION, REGRESSION, REACTION FORMATION, PROJECTION, AND DISPLACEMENT |
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Psychological Determinism
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nothing happens by mistake
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Unconscious
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contains unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; out of awareness
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Psychoanalysis
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theory attributing thoughts/actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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Free Association
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method for exploring the unconscious, person who says whatever comes to mind
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Phallic Stage
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ages 3-6 years old and where the superego forms
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Fixation
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier age
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What are the "Big 5" personality traits?
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Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
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Who are the Neo-Freudians?
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Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler
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Projective Tests
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personality tests that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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Porschach Inkblot Tests
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10 inkblots, which reveal unconscious functioning; psychartic disorders
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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drawings of ambiguous human situations; reveals conflicts, feelings, and motives
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Maslow and Rogers said...
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People are essentially good
self-actualization often study healthy people Empathy |
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Carl Rogers
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studied the person centered perspective; self-concept "who am I?" unconditional positive regard-attitude of total acceptance towards another person
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Trait Theories
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theories that attempt to explain peronality and differences b/w ppl in terms of their personal characteristics
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Traits
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characteristic patterns of behaviors or a disposition to feel and act
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Reciprocal Determinism
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interacting influences b/w personality and environmental factors
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Who is Mischel?
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studied the social-cognitive approach, and criticized psychodynamic and trait approaches because...
neither predicts behavior very well people don't behave consistently across situations "traits" are labels/stereotypes |
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Social Psychology
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the study of how people think, act, relate and influence around other people
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Conformity
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in which we tend do something because everyone else is doing it
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Obedience
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behavior that complies with explicit demands of an individual in authority
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Compliance
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behavior that change that occurs as a result of a direct request
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Confederate
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someone poses as a participant in an experiment but is actually assisting the experiment
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Asch Study Results
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Wen alone, 99% of participants got all the answers correct, but when in a group, 70% conformed some of the time, 5% all the time, and 25% were never swayed by the group
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Normative Social Influence
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influence that occurs/happens to us because we want to gain approval, avoid disapproval (want to fit in)
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Informational Social Influence
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influence others have on us because we want to be right (get info then act upon it)
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Groupthink
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desire for harmony in a group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Risky Shift
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tendency for a group decisions to be riskier than decisions that would be made by individual group members
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Group Polarization
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enhancement of a group prevailing inclinations through discussion without the group (your opinion become even stronger than before)
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Social Lofting
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tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when individually accountable
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Deindividuation
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loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Altruism
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unselfish regard for welfare of others or unselfish interest in helping others
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Egoism
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helping someone else to ensure reciprocity, gain self-esteem, appear powerful, appear caring or to avoid social/self-censure
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Bystander Effect
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temdency for people to be less likely to help if other bystander's are present
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Psychological Disorder
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patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, disfunctional, and dangerous
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Dysthymia
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more chronic and has fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder
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Mania
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hyperactive, wildly optimistic state "highly productive, creative state of exuberrance"
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