Vocab Chap. 8

Front 1

Emotion (8.01)

Back 1

A four-part process that involves physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression - all of which interact, rather than occurring in a linear sequence.

Front 2

Display rules (8.02)

Back 2

The permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society.

Front 3

Lateralization of emotion (8.03)

Back 3

Different influences of the two brain hemispheres on various emotions. The left hemisphere influences positive emotion, and the right hemisphere influences negative emotions.

Front 4

James-Lange theory (8.04)

Back 4

The proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion.

Front 5

Cannon-Bard theory (8.05)

Back 5

The counterproposal that an emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time.

Front 6

Two-factor theory (8.06)

Back 6

The proposal claiming that emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal and an emotion-provoking stimulus.

Front 7

Cognitive appraisal theory (8.07)

Back 7

Theory of emotion which theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event.

Front 8

Opponent-process theory (8.08)

Back 8

Theory of emotion which theorizes that emotions have pairs. When one is triggered, the other is suppressed.

Front 9

Inverted U function (8.09)

Back 9

Describes the relationship between arousal and performance. Both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal.

Front 10

Sensation seekers (8.10)

Back 10

In Zuckerman's theory, individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people.

Front 11

Emotional intelligence (8.11)

Back 11

The ability to understand and control emotional responses.

Front 12

Polygraph (8.12)

Back 12

A device that records or graphs many measures of physical arousal, such as heart rate, breathing, perspiration, and blood pressure. Often called a lie detector, even though it is really an arousal detector.

Front 13

Motivation (8.13)

Back 13

All the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.

Front 14

Drive (8.14)

Back 14

Biologically instigated motivation.

Front 15

Motive (8.15)

Back 15

An internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior. This term is often used in the narrower sense of a motivational process that is learned, rather than biologically based.

Front 16

Intrinsic motivation (8.16)

Back 16

The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external consequence, such as a reward.

Front 17

Extrinsic motivation (8.17)

Back 17

The desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward.

Front 18

Conscious motivation (8.18)

Back 18

Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire.

Front 19

Unconscious motivation (8.19)

Back 19

Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire.

Front 20

Instinct theory (8.20)

Back 20

The now-outmoded view that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors. This theory was flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations for behavior.

Front 21

Fixed-action patterns (8.21)

Back 21

Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus. This concept has replaced the older notion of instinct.

Front 22

Need (8.22)

Back 22

In drive theory, is a biological imbalance that threatens survival if it is left unsatisfied.

Front 23

Homeostasis (8.23)

Back 23

The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature.

Front 24

Locus of control (8.24)

Back 24

An individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate - internally or externally.

Front 25

Hierarchy of needs (8.25)

Back 25

In Maslow's theory, the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic.

Front 26

Overjustification (8.26)

Back 26

The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games.

Front 27

Need for achievement (8.27)

Back 27

In Murray and McClelland's theory, a mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal.

Front 28

Individualism (8.28)

Back 28

The view, common in the Euro-American world, that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction.

Front 29

Collectivism (8.29)

Back 29

The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction.

Front 30

Set point (8.30)

Back 30

Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight.

Front 31

Volumetric thirst (8.31)

Back 31

A drop in extracellular fluid levels.

Front 32

Osmotic thirst (8.32)

Back 32

A drop in intracellular fluid levels.

Front 33

Sexual response cycle (8.33)

Back 33

The four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women.

Front 34

Sexual scripts (8.34)

Back 34

Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations.

Front 35

Approach-approach conflict (8.35)

Back 35

A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options.

Front 36

Approach-avoidance conflict (8.36)

Back 36

A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.

Front 37

Avoidance-avoidance conflict (8.37)

Back 37

A conflict in which one has to choose between two equally unattractive options.

Front 38

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict (8.38)

Back 38

A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

Front 39

Sexual orientation (8.39)

Back 39

One's erotic attraction toward members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.

Front 40

Stress (8.40)

Back 40

A physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation.

Front 41

Stressor (8.41)

Back 41

A stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation.

Front 42

Traumatic stressor (8.42)

Back 42

A situation that threatens one's physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror, or helplessness.

Front 43

Posttraumatic stress disorder (8.43)

Back 43

Delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily reexperiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma. Also known as PTSD.

Front 44

Acute stress (8.44)

Back 44

A temporary pattern of stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset and limited duration.

Front 45

Chronic stress (8.45)

Back 45

Continuous stressful arousal persisting over time.

Front 46

Fight-or-flight response (8.46)

Back 46

Sequence of internal processes preparing an orgasm for struggle or escape.

Front 47

General adaptation syndrome (8.47)

Back 47

Pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor. Also known as GAS.

Front 48

Alarm reaction (8.48)

Back 48

First stage of the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor.

Front 49

Stage of resistance (8.49)

Back 49

Second stage of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and uses resources to cope with a stressor.

Front 50

Stage of exhaustion (8.50)

Back 50

Third stage of the GAS, during which the body depletes it resources in responding to an ongoing stressor.

Front 51

Tend-and-befriend model (8.51)

Back 51

Stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to threat by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support.

Front 52

Immune system (8.52)

Back 52

Bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats.

Front 53

Psychoneuroimmunology (8.53)

Back 53

Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states on the immune system.

Front 54

Cytokines (8.54)

Back 54

Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system.

Front 55

Type A (8.55)

Back 55

Behavior pattern characterized intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations.

Front 56

Type B (8.56)

Back 56

Behavior pattern characterized by relaxed, unstressed approach to life.

Front 57

Learned helplessness (8.57)

Back 57

Pattern of failure to respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its responses are ineffective.

Front 58

Flow (8.58)

Back 58

In Csikszentmihalyi's theory, an intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings. This involves intrinsic motivation.