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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do yeast cells identify their mates?
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exchanging of mating factors, mating, and a new a/alpha cell
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signal transduction pathways
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convert signals on cell's surface into cellular responses
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How do plant and animal cells communicate?
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they have cell junctions that connect directly to the adjacent cell's cytoplasm
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local signaling
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animal cells communicate through direct contact
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cell-cell recognition
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cells communicate with each other by the connecting the molecules on their surface
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local regulators
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only influence a short distance, in their vincity
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growth factors
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compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and multiply
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paracrine signaling
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a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regualtor into the extracellular fluid
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synaptic signaling
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a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell
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hormonal signaling
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specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells
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three stages of cell signaling
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reception, transduction, and response
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Who suggested the three stages of cell signaling?
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Sutherland
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Reception
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A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
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ligand
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a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule
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Where does the transduction take place and where does conformity change?
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conformational change in the receptor and the it is usually a transduction signal
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intercellular receptors
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usually cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins
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small or hydrophobic signal molecule
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can easily cross plasma membrane and use as receptor
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what receptors do steroid hormones bind to?
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intercellular receptor
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what are the three main types of membrane receptors?
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g-protein-linked receptors, ion channel receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases
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G-protein-linked receptor
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a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a g protein, yeast mating factors, epinephrine and many hormones and neurotransmitters
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receptor tyrosine kinase
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can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once helps cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction
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kinase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
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ligand-gated ion channel
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a type of membrane receptor , a region of which can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape
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Transduction
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Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
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multistep pathways
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amplify a signal, more oppurtunities for coordination and regulation
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protein kinase
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enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
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second messengers
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nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ion, bind to pathway's first messenger
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cyclic AMP
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made from ATP
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g-proteins and cyclic AMP
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g-proteins often trigger the formation of cAMP which then triggers a cellular response being a second pathway
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calcium
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in cytoplasm, has many different functions as a second mesenger
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inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol
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trigger the calcium in the cytosol
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Response
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Cell signaling leads to regulation of cytoplasmic activities or transcription
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amplification of signals in signal pathways and proteins
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can amplify signal by making multiple copies of next component of pathway
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different proteins in cells
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brings specificity to the pathway signals and response
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scaffolding proteins
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large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached
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how is signal response terminated?
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by reversal of ligand binding
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