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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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basket-weave keratin is normal in:
haired/glabrous skin What kind of keratin is found in the other choice? |
haired
compact keratin (eg, nasal planum, foot bad) |
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Which layer of the dermis is responsible for changes in thickness of skin?
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spinous layer/stratum spinosum
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Describe melanocytes
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dendritic cells that sit w/in basal cell; they have melanosomes, which they distribute through the dendritic processes to the keratinocytes.
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Irritation, trauma, inflammation of the skin can lead to a process that presents differently in subacute vs. chronic.
What is the subacute process? The Chronic? |
parakeratosis
Compact hyperkeratosis |
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How long does it take epithelial cells to reach the keratin layer?
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3 weeks (epithelial turnover time)
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what does the term "acanthosis" mean?
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descriptive of hyperplastic epidermis (stratum spinosum)
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What term describes thickened stratum spinosum?
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acanthosis
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There are two kinds of depigmentation; give two examples and describe where they occur.
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leukoderma- skin surface
leukotrichia- hair shaft (hyperesthetic leukotrichia- white hair, normal skin; hair will return to normal.) |
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Name two species with simple hair follicles, and three with compound
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Cows, horses
cats, dogs, sheep |
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What's the name for a growing hair follicle?
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Anagen
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What's the name for a hair at full length?
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catagen
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What is the resting stage of hair
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Telogenen (can be exogen=hairless telogen or haired telogen)
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What kind of disease is indicated by cyclic arrest of hair follicles?
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endocrine
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What term describes a flat, circumscribed color change that is not palpable?
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Macule and patch
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What term describes a solid elevated circumscribed lesion with increased cellularity and extracellular matrix?
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Papule/nodule/tumor
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What is the term for a flat elevation?
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Plaque
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What is a sharply elevated demarcation that pits on pressure, if it is small and well-circumscribed?
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urticaria/wheal
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What is angiodema?
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Coalescing wheals (synonym)
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What term describes a cavity lined by an epithelium?
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cyst
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What term describes a circumscribed elevation with a fluid-filled cavity that disrupts normally cohesive tissue, is very friable and is
a) less than 1 cm b) greater than 2 cm |
a vesicle
b bulla |
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What is a fluid AND CELL filled cavity in normally cohesive tissue that is friable?
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pustule
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What is a small fragment of the cornified layer of skin?
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scale
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Should you include the crust in a biopsy?
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YES! Often it has the only diagnostic information, such as neutrophils, ticks, or detached keratinocytes.
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What is the term for dried crusts that make up the dermis AND epidermis?
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Eschar!
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What term describes partial loss of the epidermis leaving basal cells and BMZ intact?
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erosion
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What is the definition of an ulcer?
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COMPLETE loss of the epidermis, including BMZ (basement membrane zone)
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What is the term for self-induced erosions or ulcers?
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excoriation
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Term for circular erythema w/ ring of detached keratin (ie, ruptured pustules) and what condition is it indicative of?
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Epidermal Collarette
Pyoderma |
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What's the fancy word for zit?
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Comeda
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What is follicular cast?
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material (gooey) adhered to hair shaft-- folliculitis
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Where are fissures most common?
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Areas of frequent movement.
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What's the term for thickened skin w/ exaggerated skin markings?
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lichenification
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With multifocal perivascular dermatitis, what is a major diferential?
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hypersensitivity or parasitic
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With diffuse perivascular dermatitis, what are three major differentials?
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Viral, metabolic, or immune-mediated
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With diffuse PD, what to the following characteristics lead you to:
A: prominent koilocytes, inclusion bodies B: French Flag C: apoptotic keratinocytes with lymphocytes clinging to them |
A: viral
B: metabolic C: immune-mediated |
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Leukocytes sitting around arteriolar walls indicates what?
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Vasculitis (normally they only diffuse across capillaries and smaller vessels.)
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Monocytes found where?
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Blood! Macs in transition
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Langerhans found where?
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Skin! They share functions with macs/mons, and are bone-marrow derived.
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Microglia- what are they?
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Brain macs
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Dendritic cells- what are they?
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Macs in the spleen and LN, esp. follicles and germinal centers. *not phagocytic, but great at prolonged antigen presentation.
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Where are the least mature thymocytes? The most mature?
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The least mature lymphocytes are in the cortex of the medulla of the thymus, while the most mature (which are similar to T-cells) reside in the medulla.
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What are RAG genes?
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recombinase genes- spur T cells to recombine at Tcell antigen receptor genes (TCR A, B, G, and D). The process bring together segments from the Variable, Diversity, and Joining segments along with a non-template encoded segment (N).
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What are the two lineages of T cells?
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alpha-beta and gamma-delta (we don't really care about gamma-delta; they are in the gut and red pulp of dogs, man.)
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The two subclasses of alphabeta thymocytes are CD4+ and CD8+. What do each of these do?
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CD4 become peripheral T helper cells, restricted to interaction with antigen presented on MHC II of antigen presenting cells.
CD8 become cytotoxic T cells which interact with antigen on MHC I to kill viral/tumorigenic cells. |
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Name a disorder resulting in thymic hypoplasia, and two animals susceptible to it.
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SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) in Arabian horses and Jack Russel Terriers. (They lack B and T cells.)
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Stressful diseases causing endogenous adrenal corticosteroid release can cause what process of the thymus?
What are 3 diseases commonly associated with this process? |
Premature thymic involution.
Canine distemper, FIV, and parvo (canine and feline) (Insulin-like growth factor is thymotrophic and can prevent HIV-related acute thymic involution). |
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What is a distinguishing feature of age-related thymic involution versus acute involution?
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Interlobar and interlobular fatty infiltration (also in cortical tissue).
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Thymic hyperplasia can have two etiologies. What are they?
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1. expansion of epithelial or thymocyte compartments due to lymphoma in peripheral lymphoid tissues (these may produce IGF-1)
2. Thymic lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (which is more subtle) is the proliferation of normally sparse B lymphocytes into well-developed follicular structures. It's a response to inflammatory or immunological dz, esp. FIV. |
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Thymitis is rare, and usually accompanied by acute involution. What are 3 causes?
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Equine Herpes Virus
Bovine Epizootic Abortion (EBA) Both cause fetal abortion via acute thymic involution and interlobular macrophage infiltration ; mild lesions in equine, extreme in bovine fetus. Juvenile cats with FIV also develop thymitis prior to cortical involution/B cell hyperplasia. |
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Why is primary thymitis rare?
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No afferent lymphatics, does not host recirculating lymphocytes.
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In a thymoma, are the infiltrative lymphocytes malignant?
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NO! They're not even neoplastic! Thymoma=epithelial tumor; these are normal lymphocytes that infiltrate the tumor since, duh, this is the middle of the thymus.
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What is Myasthenia gravis?
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antibodies are made to the acetylcholine receptor in motor endplates.
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In what species is thymic lymphoma common?
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Cats and dogs, (young) cattle.
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What is the order of the location of blood stem cells in development?
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Para-aortic pleura->yolk sac->liver->BM
Small contribution from spleen, LN, thymus in latter half of gestation. |
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What is "aleukemic leukemia"?
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Leukemia confined to the bone marrow (doesn't enter the bloodstream.)
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What is the term for "marrow shrinkage?" What can it cause?
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Myelophthisis, a major cause of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia with leukemia.
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Which leukemias originate primarily in the marrow?
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The Bs- BCLL and BALL, as well as the most common (acute myeloid Leuk) and the least common (acute undiff leuk)
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Which leukemias originate primarily in the spleen, with optional bone marrow involvement as dz advances?
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T-CLL, T-ALL
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What is multiple myeloma? What kind of gammopathy can it cause? What might you see on blood chemistry?
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Long-lived B cells traffic to bone marrow; malignant transformation causes B-cell proliferation which can cause monoclonal gammopathy. They cause bone lysis (visible as lucency in bone)->hypercalcemia.
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Describe two key distinguishing features between reactive paracortical hyperplasia and lymphoma.
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Reactive paracortical hyperplasia should show cellular heterogenicity and respect for lymph node follicular architecture.
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Name a few situations that could cause sinus lymph node hyperplasia
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AKA sinus histiocytosis- when LNs drain chronic infection/granulomatous dz, and immune-meiated destruction of tissue, hemorrhage, and tumor.
Expanded via hyperplasia of macrophages. |
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Give a simple definition for lymphadenitis.
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Localization of an agent to the lymph node, or drainage of inflammatory products into the node. (WILL see elements of reactive hyperplasia, too)
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Differentiate leukemia from lymphoma.
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Lymphoma-- any tumor of lymphocytes-- usually arises in LNs or spleen, etc. Leukemias describe either myeloid or lymphoid neoplasms that originate in the bone marrow.
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Define lymphadenopathy
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Simply the enlargment of lymph nodes-- no cause is suggested by the term. May be regional or generalized.
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What should you do to resolve the cause of lymphadenopathy?
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Excisional or wedge biopsy-- structure of lymphomatous involvement may define the type of lymphoma (if that is the cause), and distinguish the indolent from the high-grade.
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What is the main cell in white pulp? Red? Marginal zone?
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T cells; macrophages; Mac/Dend/B-cells.
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What is hypersplenism?
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The macrophage population of the spleen starts devouring normal blood cells->anemia, cytopenias (esp. neutro, thrombo)
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How could you distinguish an acute from chronic congestion of the spleen on necropsy?
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acute: dark red, swollen, bleed copiously when sectioned.
Chronic: fibrosis of capsule, trabeculae, red pulp cords; firm, meaty, often siderotic plaques. May have atrophic t-cells in white pulp. |
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What good cells need to be exhausted in septicemia before acute splenitis and necrosis occur?
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red pulp cord macrophages are a great antibacterial defense.
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Anytime you are thinking nodular hyperplasia of the spleen, what is an important rule-out?
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Marginal zone lymphoma (a B cell lymphoma)
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name a lymphoma originating from the dark zone of the lymph nodee
Prognosis/considerations when treating? |
DLBL
high grade, treat aggressively |
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name a lyphoma originating from the light zone of the germinal center of the lymph node
How aggressively should you treat? |
follicular lymphoma (FL)
INDOLENT, don't kill the dog with chemicals |
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name a lymphoma that arises from the area surrounding the light and dark zones of the follicle, outside of the mantle.
How aggressively should you treat? |
MZL
INDOLENT! go easy! |
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What kind of lymph cell is more commonly the cause of LBL?
How aggressively should you treat? |
T more common; high-grade, requires aggressive treatment. (Other forms not so bad.)
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Clinically, why do you care to distinguish bgetween PTCL and TZL?
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PTCL is high-grade, TZL is an indolent variant of PTCL. (Both arise from lymph nodes, among other places.)
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If you see a splenic mass or diffuse splenomegaly +/- anemia in a rotty, golden, or Bernese, whaddya gotta rule out?
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Histiocytic sarcoma!
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Name three diseases you might confuse with HHS, but won't because you're an awesome Davis student
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IMHA, Evan's syndrome, and sometimes hepatosplenic lymphoma
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If you have a German Shepherd with nodular dermatofibrosis, what diagnostic test must you run?
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Kidney US or rads! For whatever reason, this indicates multicystic or neoplastic kidneys.
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