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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What species are susceptible to rabies?
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all warm blooded animals
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How is rabies transmitted?
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transmitted in the saliva via biting
rarely aerosol transmission in caves |
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What are the main US hosts?
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Raccoons, skunks, foxes, and insectivorous bats
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What is the most important wildlife reservoir in the US and why?
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The striped skunk
-can adapt to human environments -sheds lots of virus in the saliva -subclinically infected -rabid skunks roam during the day and are aggressive |
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In what part of the country are infected raccoons found? What impact does this have?
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East coast
Most cat cases of rabies are from areas where infected raccoons are present |
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Which host is responsible for the most human rabies cases in the US?
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Bats
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Are wild rodents and lagomorphs likely to transmit rabies?
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no, usually die from bite wounds inflicted by rabid animal
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What is the incubation period for rabies in dogs and cats?
What is the incubation period in humans? |
2-24 weeks (usually 1-2 months) in dogs and cats
3 weeks to >1 year in humans |
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When are animals with rabies infectious to others? What implications does this have for quarantine?
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Animals start shedding virus in their saliva a few days before clinical signs develop. Within 10 days, neurologic signs will develop which is why the animal should be quarantines for 10 days following bite
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Do all exposed animals/humans develop signs?
If you develop clinical signs what is the prognosis? |
1 in 5 exposed animals/humans develops signs
once signs develop, almost always fatal |
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What are the three phases of rabies?
do all animals show all phases? |
prodromal
furious paralytic not all animals progress through all phases |
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What is the main characteristic of the prodromal phase?
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a change in behavior
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Signs of the furious phase of rabies
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excitability
barking/biting at imaginary objects pica pharyngeal/larygneal muscle spasm muscle tremors seizure/coma/death |
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Signs of the paralytic/dumb phase
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LMN disease
CN paralysis: cange in voice, apparent chocking, dropped jaw coma and death in 2-4 days (respiratory muscle paralysis) |
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What animals should you suspect rabies in?
Can you do serology? |
any animal with sudden behavioral changes and/or flaccid paralysis
The rabies IFA (for abs) is not useful for antemortem dx direct FA for the virus can be done on the area by the whiskers, but isn't htat sensitive |
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What is submitted for necropsy? How is rabies dx on postmortem?
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submit the whole head, refrigerated, not frozen
Negri bodies may be seen on histopath, but low sensitivity since only appear after clinical signs develop Direct FA preferred on touch impressions of the brain |
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What is the best prevention?
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widespread dog vaccination
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What side effects are seen with rabies vaccines?
Where and when are rabies vaccines administered? |
sarcomas in cats with killed, can use adjuvant free recombinant purevax
administer vaccines in right rear limb when the animal is at least 4 months old, followed by a booster at 1 year |
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What is the recommendation for dogs, cats or ferrets bitten by a rabies suspect?
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unvaccinated: euthanize or quarantine 6 mo and vax 1 month before release
vaccine overdue: evaluated case-by-case current vaccine: revaccinate then confine with owner for 45 days |
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What is the recommendation for humans bitten by a dog or cat?
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healthy vaccinated pet: confine 10 days
unvaccinated pet: euthanize/test or quarantine stray: euthanize and test, regardless of sings |
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What systems are affected in dogs infected with distemper?
What disease is commonly confused with distemper in diagnosis? |
GI, respiratory, neuro signs
Distemper should be an important differential for kennel cough |
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How is distemper transmitted?
What wildlife species may be a source? What age is most commonly affected? |
Shed in respiratory secretions, feces and urine
raccoons may be a source infections occur at weaning in vaccinated populations and any age in unvaccinated populations |
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What tissues are infected in Stage 1?
What are the clinical signs? What time frame is stage 1? |
Lymphoid tissue --> results in destruction of lymphocytes --> lymphopenia and pyrexia
Time: days 2-6 |
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What tissues are infected in stage 2?
What are the clinical signs? what time frame is stage 2? |
Epithelial and CNS tissue
CNS signs, cutaneous signs, ocular signs, severe GI signs, pneumonia Time: days 8-9 |
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What is the key feature of CDV?
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Immunosuppression
-race between virus and host; CMI and humoral imunity |
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What are the clinical signs of distemper?
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Mild signs common: listlessness, inappetance, fever, serous oculonasal discharge, cough, tachypnea
Severe signs: conjunctivitis, moist cough, obtundation, anorexia, vomiting/diarrhea; neurological signs may be delayed up to 6 weeks |
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What is a poor prognostic sign?
What is a pathognomonic sign? |
CNS signs
myoclonus is pathognomonic: involuntary twitching of isolated muscle groups which is not responsive to anticonvulsant therapy |
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What types of ocular signs are seen with CDV?
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chorioretinitis/retinal detachment
optic neuritis gold medallion lesions |
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What is a dental sign seen?
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enamel hypoplasia: infection occurs before eruption of permanent dentition
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What CBC changes are seen in a dog with CDV?
Chemistry panel? |
lymphopenia
leukocytosis with neutrophilia distember inclusions (seen in RBC, lymphocytes most commonly) Chem panel is usually non-specific |
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What pattern is seen on thoracic radiographs of a dog with CDV?
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interstitial coalescing to alveolar pattern
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How is serology used to dx CDV?
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Compare IgG in CSF to serum by calculating the C coefficient
-helps to distinguish between CSF local antibody production and non-specific leakage from damaged BBB C coeff = CSF CDV IgG/serum CDV IgG x serum ICH IgG/CSF ICH IgG C>1 indicates local antibody production |
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What do you use conjunctival scrapings for?
how can sensitivity be increased? |
look for cytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells
sensitivity can be increased with IFA on smears (conjunctival scrapings as well as blood, csf, marrow, urine, tissues) |
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What is another sensitive and specific test than can be used to dx CDV?
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RT-CR on serum, throat swabs, tracheal wash samples, whole blood, csf
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How do you tx CDV?
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supportive care: fluids, abx, antiemetics, nebulization/coupage, oxygen
neuro signs are usually permanent, may or may not be compatible with life warn owners that they may develop |
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How do you prevent CDV?
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vaccines; maternal ab disappears at 12-14 weeks
-vaccine q3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks; booster at 1 year -all are MLV except recombinant canarypox |
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What other vaccine can you use?
What is the advantage? When should they be used? |
Measles vaccines protect despite maternal antibodies
use only at 6-12 weeks to protect in an outbreak |
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What kind of vaccine should be used for ferrets?
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killed; MLV can cause post-vaccinal encephalitis
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Describe members of the Rickettsiae family (size, where they live, how they are transmitted, what they look like)
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small bacteria
arthropod-tranmistted obligate intracellular Gram negative Pleomorphic coccobacilli |
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what part of the country is Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever most commonly found?
What is the name of the org that causes RMSF? |
SE US
Rickettsia rickettsei |
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What is RMSF transmitted by?
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ticks
Dermacentor variabilis, sometimes D andersoni |
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what months are most cases of RMSF seen?
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March-October
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How is RMSF transmitted between ticks?
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transstadial and transovarial transmission
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How long must ticks attach for to transmit RMSF?
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5-20 hours
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What cell type does Rickettsia rickettsei infect?
How is this clinically manifested? |
endothelial cells of small blood vessels
Vasculitis, see necrosis and increased vascular permeability |
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What are the clinical signs of RMSF?
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fever, anorexia, depression, edema, hyperemia, necrosis of extremities
mucopurulent ocular discharge vomiting, diarrhea neurologic signs, resp signs, joint pain/swelling, muscle pain cardiac arrhythmias, bleeding/thrombosis |
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What are clinical signs in humans with RMSF?
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fever, rash, headache
death in 4% with hepatomegaly, icterus, stupor, azotemia |
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What disease is RMSF indistinguishable from?
How does time frame help? |
acute ehrlichiosis
RMSF does not last longer than 2 weeks |
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What are clinical lab findings that would support RMSF dx?
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thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated liver enzymes
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What is the best way to dx RMSF?
What is a way to dx on tissues? |
serology --> look for a 4-fold increase in titer
can do direct FA staining of tissue bx (75% positive by day 3-4) |
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How do you tx RMSF?
How quickly do you see improvement? |
doxycycline
see improvement within 24-48 hours can use steroids for concurrent immune-mediated complications |
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How do you prevent RMSF?
is there a vaccine? can dogs get it again? |
minimize tick exposure
no effective vaccine lifelong immunity follows natural infection |
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Name a monocytic, granulocytic and thrombocytic ehrlichia/anaplasma sp?
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monocytic: Ehrlichia canis
granulocytic: Anaplasma phagocytophilum thrombocytic: Anaplasma platys |
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What is the vector for E canis?
What part of the country is the disease seen in most commonly? why is this important? |
brown dog tick: Rhipicephalus sanguineus
most commonly seen in the SE and SW states any travel history is important as the subclinical phase can last years |
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How is E canis transmitted in the tick?
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only transstadially
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What are the three stages of E canis and how long do they last?
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acute phase lasts 2-4 weeks
subclinical phase may last years chronic phase |
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Where does E canis multiply in the acute phases?
what change is seen on a CBC? |
multiplies in monocytes (blood, spleen, liver, LN) with splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy
infected cells adhere to the endothelium (lunbs, meninges, kidneys) thrombocytopenia is seen on a CBC |
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What are the clinical signs of the acute phase?
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fever, anorexia, depression, weight loss, oculonasal d/c, lymphadeopathy, edema of limbs and scrotum, hyperesthesia, muscle twitching, cranial nerve deficits
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The primary laboratory finding in subclinical E canis is _____ while chronic E canis is characterized by ______ on the CBC
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The primary laboratory finding in subclinical E canis is variable thrombocytopenia while chronic E canis is characterized by pancytopenia on the CBC
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What are clinical signs seen in the chronic phase?
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pallor, bleeding tendencies (regardless of platelet count)
weight loss, debilitation anterior uveitis, retinal hemorrhage +/- neurologic signs secondary infections |
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what laboratory signs might you see with E canis?
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lab work: pancytopenia, nonregenerative anemia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia
may be Coombs positive hyperplastic marrow (acute) or hypoplastic marrow (chronic) |
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What is a plasma protein change you may see with E canis? what is a common ddx?
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polyclonal or monoclonal gammopathy
ddx is multiple myeloma |
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What kidney disease might be seen with E canis?
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protein losing nephropathy
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What is the in house diagnostic test of choice for E canis?
What should be done if the test is positive? What is another test that can be run? |
4dx SNAP --> looks for ab
should run quantitative serology Can also run PCR |
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How do you tx E canis?
What is the prognosis? |
doxycycline
Px is good for acute, poorer for chronic (steroids may be needed for immune-mediated complications) |
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In what parts of the US is Anaplasma phagocytophilum seen?
What are the vectors for A phagocytophilum? What other disease may be seen concurrently? |
midwest, NE, CA, OR, Vancouver
Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus May also see Borrelia burgdorferi as the same ticks transmit Lyme dz |
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What are clinical signs are seen with Granulocytic anaplasmosis?
what is a common CBC finding? |
fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, scleral injection
thrombycytopenia |
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How do you dx A phagocytophilum?
How do you tx A phagocytophilum? |
can look for morulae within granulocytes
Serology: 4dx SNAP....test may be negative early in illness PCR is useful in the acute phase tx with doxycycline |
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What is the name of the etiologic agent that causes salmon poisoning?
How is it transmitted? What species does it affect? |
Neorickettsia helminthoeca
transmitted through ingestion of a fish containing metacercariae of the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola Affects dogs/canids, not cats |
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What causes the geographic limitation of the disease?
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the snail host for the metacircaria limited to upper NW
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What is the pathogenesis of salmon poisoning?
what is the main clinical sign? |
mature flukes in the intestine release rickettsiae into intestinal epithelial cells which spread to the body via lymphatics
lymphoid tissues invaded by macrophages and plasma cells main clinical sign is hemorrhagic enteritis |
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What is the incubation period?
Main clinical signs? |
5-7 days
fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, profound weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, death in 7-10 days if untreated |
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How do you dx? What are lab findings?
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history: fish exposure in 50% of cases
CBC: lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia ID trematode eggs in feces with sedimentation/floatation LN aspirates may show macrophages with rickettsial inclusions |
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How do you tx?
How do you prevent? |
tetracyclines (doxycycline if not vomiting, otherwise oxytetracycline)
praziquantel for fluke tx IV fluids, blood don't let dogs eat raw fish |
