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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the plane in the image? What are the directions indicated in the image?
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Median plane; also called mid-saggital plane.
1. Medial 2. Lateral |
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What is the plane indicated in the image?
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Sagittal
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What are the planes indicated in the image?
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1. Transverse
2. Dorsal |
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Where does directional terminology change on the forelimb and what does it change to?
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Changes at the antebrachiocarpal joint. Changes from Cranial/Caudal to Dorsal/palmar (on the manus)
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How does the directional terminology change on the hind limb?
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Changes from cranial/caudal to dorsal/plantar
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What is the "elbow" joint called?
Describe the joint. |
Cubital joint
Complex joint (composed of humerus, radius, ulna). Resting position is less than 180 degrees in cranial position. |
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What is the joint separating the manus from the antebrachium?
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Antebrachiocarpal joint
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Why are there two distinct bones in the antebrachium?
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To allow supination and pronation
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How are numbered bones counted? (ie metacarpals)
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Medial to Lateral
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Where does the axis run between the metacarpals?
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Between digits III and IV
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What is the difference between a digit and phalanx?
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Part of a whole; 3 phalanges and the claw compose a digit.
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What is unique about the feline distal phalanx?
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The distal phalanx is held lateral to the middle phalanx by the dorsal elastic ligaments.
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What do muscles act on?
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Joints; muscle must cross joint to act on it
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What is flexion?
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The act of being bent
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What is the flexor surface?
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Area that decreases the lesser resting angle
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What is the extensor surface?
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Area that increases the lesser resting angle
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When a muscle crosses two joints where is the major action of the muscle?
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On the more distal attachment
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What are muscle action groups?
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Intrinsic muscles in similar location which may have similar action/attachments at proximal or distal attachment.
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What is the root word for shoulder?
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Omo
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What is the root word for key (clavis)?
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Cleido
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What is the root word for arm?
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Brachialis
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What is the root word for widest?
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Latissimus
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What is the root word for before?
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Ante
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What is the root word for below or underneath?
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Infra
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What is the root word for above or over?
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Supra
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What is the root word for a band?
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Fascia
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What is the root word for elbow?
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Cubitus
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What is the root word for round?
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Teres
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What is the root word for hand?
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Manus
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What does cephalic mean?
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Cranial; towards the head
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What is the root word for wrist?
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Carpus
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What is the root word for toothed?
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Serrated
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What is the root word for bony?
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Osseous
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What is the root word for mouth?
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os
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What is the root word for braid?
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plexus
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What is the root word for armpit?
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Axilla
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What is the root word for a little swelling?
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Tubercle
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What is the root word for something shaped like a crow's beak?
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Coracoid
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What are the subunits of the superficial pectoral muscles?
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Descending pectoral and transverse pectoral
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What are the parts of the brachiocephalicus?
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Cleidobrachialis
Cleidocephalicus (pars cervicalus) Cleidocephalicus (pars mastoidea) |
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What are the parts of the STERNOCEPHALICUS?
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Mastoid part, Occipital part
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What are the parts of the trapezius?
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Cervical part and thoracic part
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What are the parts of the Rhomboideus?
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Capitis, Cervicis, Thoracis
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What are the parts of the Serratus ventralis?
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Serratus ventralis cervicis and Serratus ventralis thoracis
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What are the parts of the deltoideus?
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Scapular part and Acromial Part
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What are the parts of the Triceps brachii?
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Long head, Lateral head, Accessory head, Medial Head
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What are the parts of the Flexor carpi ulnaris?
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Ulnar head and humeral head
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What are the parts of the deep digital flexor?
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Humeral head, Ulnar head, Radial head
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How does the feline acromion of the scapula differ from that of the canine?
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It has hamate and suprahamate processes (the later projects over the infranatus m)
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What is the supratrochlear foramen known as in the feline humerus?
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Supracondylar Foramen
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What are two fossae found in the feline humerus that are not present in the canine humerus?
Describe them. |
Radial and Coronoid fossae.
Coronoid fossa is medial to radial fossa and accommodates medial coronoid process of ulna during elbow flexion. |
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Where do the brachial a. and medial n. pass through in the feline humerus?
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The supracondylar foramen
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What are the carpal organs?
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Specialized sensory (tactile) in the caudal forearm of felines. Contain whiskers and pressure points.
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What intrinsic thoracic muscle is well developed in the feline but not in the canine?
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Brachioradialis
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What is the brachial plexus?
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Branch of nerves extending from the C6, C7, C8, T1, T2
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What is the key nerve of the forelimb?
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The radial nerve; innervates the elbow extensors which must work in order to bear weight on limb
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What is the autonomous zone of the Radial n. in the dog?
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Dorsal D2, D3, D4, Axial D5
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The dorsal side of the paw has only ________ nerves in the dog and cat.
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Superficial
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Where does the lateral digital extensor terminate in the feline?
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Digits II-IV
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Why is it impossible to test the median nerve of a dog?
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The radial n. and median n. anastomose on the palmar side making it impossible to distinguish between the two nerves.
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What is the autonomous zone of the Radial n. in the cat?
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Dorsal D2, D3
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Where do the palmar metacarpals terminate in the feline?
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At the distal metacarpals; they do not anastomose with with palmar common digital nerve
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How do the radial and ulnar heads of the deep digital flexor differ in the feline compared to the canine?
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The are similar in size and therefore relatively larger than in the dog
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How is it possible to test the median n. in the cat?
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The palmar superficial and deep set of nerves do not anastomose and each digital nerve are either median or ulnar fibers
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What is the autonomous zone of the Ulnar n. in the dog?
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Dorsal or palmer D5 (Abaxial)
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What is an autonomous zone?
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Area of skin innervated solely by a specific peripheral nerve with no overlap with adjacent nerves
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What is the autonomous zone of the Ulnar n. in the cat?
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Dorsal or palmer D5
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What is a cutaneous zone?
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Entire area of skin innervated by a peripheral nerve
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What is the autonomous zone of the median n. in the dog?
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Can not be determined
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What is the autonomous zone of the median n. in the cat?
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Palmer D1, D2, D3
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What are the intrinsic extensors of the shoulder joint?
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Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Supscapularis |
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What is the blood supply and innervation of the intrinsic extensors of the shoulder joint?
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Superficial cervical a.
Suprascapular n. Subscapular n. |
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What are the intrinsic flexors of the shoulder joint?
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Deltoideus, Teres major, Teres minor
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What is the blood supply and innervation of the intrinsic flexors of the shoulder joint?
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Caudal circumflex humeral a., subscapular a. and the axillary n.
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What are the extensors of the elbow?
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Triceps brachii
Anconeus Tensor fasciae antebrachii |
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What is the blood supply and innervation of the extensors of the elbow?
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Deep brachial a. and collateral ulna; Radial n.
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What are the flexors of the elbow?
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Biceps brachii, brachialis
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What is the blood supply and innervation of the flexors of the elbow?
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Bicipital a., Cr. Circumflex humeral a., Transverse cubital a., and musculocutaneous n.
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What are x-rays a form of?
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Electromagnetic radiation (ionizing)
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What percentage of available energy is transformed to x-rays?
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1%
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What primarily produces the QUANTITY of x-rays produced?
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Available electrons (mA)
Length of exposure (mAs) |
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As x-rays pass through a patients, what are the possible interactions a ray can have?
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X -rays can be absorbed, scattered and can pass through
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Why is it important to ALWAYS take at least 2 views when making radiograph images?
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Radiographs are 2D representations or 3D images; to conceive an actual relationship of structures it is necessary to have multiple views.
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What are the 5 basic radiograph opacities in increasing whiteness?
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Air
Fat Water Bone Metal |
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What are the advantages of radiographs?
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Widely available, Inexpensive, fast, can be portable
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What are the disadvantages of radiographs?
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2D representation of 3D images
Radiation exposure Better for bone and air; limited for soft tissue |
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How is ultrasound imaging produced?
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Sound waves are produced and bounce off objects differently, creating an image of what is being scanned
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What are the variations in ultrasound images called?
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Echogenecities (hyperechoic=brighter, hypoechoic=darker)
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What are the advantages of ultrasound imaging?
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It is safe, fairly portable and good for soft tissue
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What are the disadvantages of ultrasound imaging?
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It is poor for bone or gas, machine and user dependent, machines are expensive
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How are CT images produced?
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X-ray machine spirals around a patient and acquires multiple images and then computer processes them into a 3D image
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What are the variations in CT images called?
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Attenuations (hyper vs hypoattenuating)
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What is MRI and how is it produced?
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging; produced by high strength magnetic field
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What are variations in MRIs called?
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Intensity (hypo vs hyperintensity)
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What signs should be used when evaluating images?
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Size, Margin, Shape, Opacity, Number, Location
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What are orthogonal views?
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Two projections made at 90 degrees to one another
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How are radiograph images named?
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According to the direction of the beam; from point of entrance to exit. Left to right lateral = right lateral.
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What are the 3 components of radiation safety?
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Time, Distance, Shielding
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How does the distance from the source affect the intensity of the primary beam?
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By the inverse square law
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Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located and what do they drain?
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Deep to the omotransversius; drains nodes of the head, superficial neck, most of thoracic limb, craniodorsal thoracic wall
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Where is the accessory lymph node located and what does it drain?
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Between latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral mm. Drains the lateral thoracic wall, cranial mammae, medial proximal forelimb,
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Where is the axillary lymph node located and what does it drain?
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Located at branching of axillary and lateral thoracic vv. Drains medial proximal forelimb, cranial mammae. Efferent to veins.
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What is the cutaneous zone of for the axillary nerve?
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Cranial cutaneous antebrachial n.
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What is the cutaneous zone for the radial nerve?
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Lateral cutaneous antebrachial n.
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What is the cutaneous zone for the ulnar nerve?
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Caudal cutaneous antebrachial n.
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What is the cutaneous zone for the musculocutaneous nerve?
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Medial cutaneous antebrachial n.
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