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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causes cyclopia in pregnancy
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Veratrum californicum
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In order to have a pyometra, a cow must have:
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CL and closed cervix
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Treatment for bovine pyometra
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Lutalyse
Repeat in 2 weeks |
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Developmentally, how does a male become a male?
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Wolfian system suppresses the Mullerian system via MIH
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If you shut down 5-DHT during development what happens?
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You get a blind-ended vaginal vault (default is female - shut down 1/2 way, you get a mutant (testicular feminization)). Most common in horses.
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What is the gonadal type of the only TRUE hermaphrodite?
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Ovotestis
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Most "hermaphrodites," are what?
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psuedohermaphrodites. single gonad with a weird phenotype.
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Define gonadal dysgenesis.
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Not enough of either. A bit of both. Mostly female.
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What's the setup with freemartins?
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Twins. One male, one female. MIF gets shared placentally. Mostly in cattle. Gets enough female hormones, but gets enough male hormones, too.
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There are 2 non-pathologic types of cyst. Name them.
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Cystic luteal follicles - ready to rupture but just doesn't make it.
Parovarian cyst - Big empty cyst. |
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Differentiate between these pathologic cysts:
-Anovulatory Graffian Follicles -Lutenized Cysts -Cystic rete ovarii -Endometrial cysts |
AG - follicle won't burst
LC - big, empty cyst CRO - comes from the oviduct. No typical pregnancies EC - will terminate a pregnancy. Horses, mainly. |
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Ovarian inflammation in cattle most commonly caused by?
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Trueperella pyogenes
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Oophritis occurs most commonly in? by?
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Avians and reptiles. Salmonella.
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What happens when a horse gets a granulosa cell tumor?
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Mares develop stallion-like behavior.
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What's the harm of a cyst adenoma/carcinoma?
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Can explode and seed the entire peritoneum with cancer.
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Dysgerminoma?
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it's a pleomorphic round cell thing. Usually ovarian, and usually malignant.
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What's the prognosis and occurrence for uterine rupture?
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Rare. Most common in HBC. Terminal.
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What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
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Prolonged, hormonal exposure>lumpy, bumpy uterus.
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In Cows and horses, Cystic endometrial hyperplasia causes Granulosa cell tumors which produce what?
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Estrogen from cystic graafian follicles. Can be caused iatrogenically with MGA. Associated changes: mucometra/hydrometra
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In Cats and dogs, Cystic endometrial hyperplasia causes Granulosa cell tumors which produce what?
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Progesterone due to the retention of the diestral corpora lute (which should have regressed after diestrus. Usually in nulliparous dogs and spontaneously ovulating cats. Tx - spay
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Biggest reason for failure of pregnancy?
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Failure to detect. ~50%.
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Dairy cows have estrus at ~___ post-calving
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34
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Dairy cows' first ovulation post-calving is at ___ days. Why isn't this considered estrus?
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18. She didn't have a functional CL. P4 drops, E2 rises. Follicle produces estrogen, but P4 doesn't drop. Silent heat.
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Beef cows should show heat at __ days post-calving
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40-90d
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Primary sign of estrus?
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Standing to be mounted. Concurrent with LH surge. Breed in 12 hrs.
Lasts 3-7 sec for ~30 hours. |
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Ideal detection program for cattle?
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Monitor 30 minutes BID.
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Teaser bulls. How do you do it.
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Epididymectomy. Or sidewinder surgery.
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How do you evaluate the efficiency of your estrus detection in cattle?
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80% detection rate
85% in heat 60 d postpartum 85% pregnant at palpation 40 d post-breeding 60% at 18-24 d post-breeding interval |
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Normal interestrus interval for cattle?
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18-21 days.
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____ is the longest part of estrus in the cow.
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Diestrus. Controlled by progesterone.
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How do you shorten diestrus in cattle?
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PGF2a
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How do you extend diestrus in cattle? Problems?
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P4; can't breed on 1st estrus due to an aged oocyte. Wait until day 31, give PGF2a, and then AI.
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How old does a CL have to be to respond to PGF2a?
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7 days.
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CIDR Protocol?
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D0 - Insert CIDR
D6 - PGF2a D7 - Remove CIDR - Estrus in 72 hr. |
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Ovsynch protocol?
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D0 - Lutenize/ovulate dominant follicle (GNRH)
D7 - PGF2a D9 - GNRH Breed in 16h (+/- 4h) (7/2/1 - GNrh-Lutalyse/L-GNRH/breeding) Dairy mainly. Breed all animals, even if they don't show estrus. |
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Drugs to induce ovulation?
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HCG
Lutalyse GNRH (works on the pituitary to induce an LH surge) |
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Timeline of ET?
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D 1-4 - FSH injections (superovulation day 8-12 AFTER heat)
D6 - breed D13 - recover embryos/transplant/breed Point is to rescue follicles that would typically go into atresia. FSH saves them. |
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How many embryos can you expect from Superovulation?
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7-9. 5-6 of good quality.
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What are your pregnancy rates with ET?
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Fresh 65-75%
Frozen 45-55% Average will yield 2-3 pregnancies/flush |
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Goals for beef cattle production?
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12 mo calving interval
90% weaned calf crop 60 day breeding season (~3x21d estrus cycles) <2% pre-weaning death loss 65% should be pregnant at any given time in a natural service setting. |
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Dairy Production goals?
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Structures you should feel on trans-rectal palpation
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Cervix
Uterus Ovaries Rumen Kidney Fat saponification |
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Average cattle cervix dimensions?
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1-5 cm wide x 7-10 cm long
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Most common bacteria on bovine uterine culture?
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T. pyogenes & E. coli.
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What are your hand dimensions?
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11x18cm (including thumb)
Middle finger - 8cm Top of thumb - 3 cm |
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4 cardinal signs of pregnancy?
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Amnionic vesicle
Membrane slip Fetus Placentomes |
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Amnionic vesicle present at?
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~ 30 d. Associated with birth defects.
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Chorioallantoic membrane slip at?
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~30 days in one horn.
6 weeks in both horns Gone by 90 days. |
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Feel fetus from?
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~65 days
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Placentomes from?
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75d - 5 mo (just don't change in size after that)
Can still feel caruncles a few d ppm. |
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Most popular cowside test for pregnancy?
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Progesterone. It only tells you that there's a functional CL. Want to wait until 30 d. High sensitivity, low specificity.
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Biopryn tests for
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PAGs
Works starting at 26 d of pregnancy. Works at 90 d ppm. Otherwise, false + |
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What is likely instead of persistent CL?
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Poor heat detection or uterine pathology.
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Cyclopia in cattle
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Veratrum californicum
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Crooked calf in cattle?
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Lupine
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Fungal repro problems/abortions?
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Aspergillis
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How to induce parturition
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Dexamethasone
PGF2a from 24-74 hours after administration, expect delivery. Expect retained fetal membranes. Few good reasons to do this. |
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Normal # of placentomes for a cow.
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80-120
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What does adventitious placentation mean?
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Fetus isn't getting enough nutrition.
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what's the difference in maceration and mummification?
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bacterial involvement
Maceration = bag of bones. |
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What's the difference between Hydroallantois and Hydroamnionis?
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Allantois = 90%; rapid accumulation of fluid; probably going to go into shock and die; recurrence inevitable.
Amnionis = snot and spit; fetal head abnormalities; slow accumulation of fluid. |
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What's the significance of Prepubic tendon rupture?
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It happens a lot with hydropsical conditions, and they usually die.
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What are the degrees of vaginal prolapse?
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1 - intermittent
2 - persistent 3 - Continuous 4 - necrosis |
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How do you re-install a vaginal prolapse?
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Buhner stitch.
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Relationship between vaginal and uterine prolapse?
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There ain't one.
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Stages of Parturition for a cow
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stage 1 - 2-6 hours - contractions
Stage 2 - 30-60 minutes - fetal expulsion stage 3 - 6-12 hours - fetal membrane expulsion |
