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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classifications of Anemia
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Bone marrow response
RBC size Hb concentration |
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Classification of bone marrow response
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Regenerative: increased reticulocytes
Nonregenerative: bone marrow dysfunction |
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Classification of RBC size
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Normocytic - chronic disorders
Macrocytic - rare, suggests regeneration Microcytic - iron deficiency |
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Hypochromic vs Normochoromic anemia
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Hypochromic: reduced Hb concentration
Reticulocytes are hypochromic Normochromic: normal Hb concentration |
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Coombs Test
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agglutination test
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Hematopoesis
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generation of blood in bone marrow
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Reticulocytes are absent in...
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horses
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Spherocytes
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RBC with no central pallor
only K9 Suggest immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) |
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Name 2 groups of feline reticulocytes
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aggregate & punctate
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Aggregate reticulocytes
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contains large clumps of reticulum
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Punctate reticulocytes
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contains 2-8 small, singular basophilic granules
not counted |
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Rouleax formation
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grouping of RBCs in stacks
increased fibrinogen in plasma inflammation normal in horses |
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Agglutination
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clumping of RBC
immune-meddiated |
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Anisocytosis
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variation in RBC size
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Poikilocytosis
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variation in shape
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Spiculated cells
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RBCs with surface spicules
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Crenation
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blood smear artifact
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Basophilic stippling
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dark blue bodies in immature RBC
common in ruminants K9s - lead poisoning |
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Howell-Jolly Body
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basophilic nuclear particle
normal near spleen Increased with spleen disorder |
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Heinz Body
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Blue bodies on peripheral wall of cell
Denaturation of Hb - drugs, chemicals. |
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Blood parasites
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Hemobartonella Felis/Canis
Babesia sp. Ehrlichia sp. |
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Coagulation factors
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plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)
synthesized in liver |
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Intrinsic pathway of coagulation
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essential
occurs intravascularly |
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Extrinsic pathway of coagulation
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tissue pathway
enhances coagulation |
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Preffered anticoagulant for coagulation tests
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sodium citrate
light blue top |
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Whole blood clotting time (Lee-White method)
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3 tubes with blood are held in hand. Each tube is tilted every 30 sec until clotting occurs.
Clotting time: time between blood in syringe to clot in 3rd tube |
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Activated Clotting Time (ACT)
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Commercially available ACT tubes are used.
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Bleeding time
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make puncture & remove blood every 30sec
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Outlab clotting tests
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Use citrated plasma
Activated Partial Thromboplastic Time (APTT)- intrinsic One-Stage Prothrombin Time (OSPT) - extrinsic |
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Coagulation disorders are caused by...
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liver disorder, bone marrow intoxication (rat poison)
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Thrombocytopenia
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decreased platelets
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RBC precursors
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rubriblast
prorubricyte rubricyte metarubricyte polychromatophilic erythrocyte |
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Granulocyte precursors
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myeloblast
progranulocyte myelocytes metamyelocytes band |
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Thrombocyte precursors
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megakaryoblast
promegakaryocyte megakaryocyte thrombocyte |
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Other cells observed in bone marrow films
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lymphocyte
plasma cells monocyte & macrophage osteoblasts & osteoclasts |
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Dog blood typing
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8 blood types
no clinical signs w/ 1st transfusion b/c no natural antibodies to blood |
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Feline blood typing
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A, B, AB
A - majority B - purebred AB - rare Mixing blood types = transfusion reaction, death |
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Cattle blood typing
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11 blood groups
Only Anti-J antibodies |
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Horse blood typing
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no natural occuring antibodies, only from vax
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Crossmatching procedure
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mix blood
no match if agglutination & hemolysis |
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Control serum
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consists of pooled, freeze-dried serum from many patients
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Assayed control serum
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serum is analyzed repeatedly for serum constituents & acceptable values are statistically established
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Standard deviation
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extent of random variation in group of observation
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Standard
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solution with exact known amount of constituent
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Quality control of refractometer
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check daily with distilled water
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When should controls be done
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lot number of reagent
shift change in personell after instrument maintenance |
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Trend
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gradual increase/decrease over 6 consecutive days
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Shift
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sudden but consistent change increase/decrease from mean value
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