Vlp Microscopic Ua

Front 1

What is the purpose of the microscopic portion of the routine UA?

Back 1

Detect and identify insoluble materials in the urine.

Front 2

What does the term Sediment refer to?

Back 2

Cells, casts, crystals, and amorphous deposits.

Front 3

What are the 9 Cellular Elements?

Back 3

1)RBC's

2)WBC's

3)Epithelial Cells

4)Fat Droplets/ Lipids

5)Sperm

6)Bacteria

7)Yeast

8)Casts

9)Crystals

Front 4

What does RBC's indicate?

Back 4

Bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract.

It can also indicate Renal Disease, Dysfunction, Infections, Tumors, Lesions, Stone Formation, or Anticoagulant use.

Front 5

What happens to RBC's in concentrated urine/ Dilute (Akaline) urine?

Back 5

Concentrated RBCS: Shrink or Crenate

Dilute RBCS: Swell or Lyse

Front 6

When is RBCS in urine normal?

Back 6

When female is in heat.

From traumatic sample colection.

Front 7

How do WBCS enter the urine?

Back 7

At any point in the urinary tract or from secretions from the genital tract.

Front 8

What is the normal # of WBCS?

Back 8

0-5 WBCs per HPF.

Front 9

What is Pyuria?

Back 9

Pus (WBCs Neutrophils) in the urine which indicates infection.

Front 10

What are the two types of Urinary Tract Infections?

Back 10

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Front 11

What is Cystitis?

Back 11

-Lower Urinary Tract Infection (Bladder)

Will see WBCs and Bacteria

No casts

Little or no protein on chem. strip

Front 12

What is Pyelonephritis?

Back 12

-Upper Urinary Tract Infection (Kidneys, Ureters)

Will see WBCs and Bacteria

Casts will be present (White, mixed, granular, bacterial, epithelial casts)

Protein will be positive on chem. strip

Front 13

Where are Epithelial Cells found?

Back 13

They line the inside of the Urogenital Tract.

Front 14

What are the three types of Epithelial Cells?

Back 14

-Squamous Epithelial Cells

-Transitional Epithelial Cells

-Renal Epithelial Cells

Front 15

Where are Squamous Epithelial Cells found?

Back 15

In the lining of the inside of the lower urethra, and the vagina and the vulva in females and the prepuce in males.

Front 16

Are Squamous cells significant?

Back 16

No, they are commonly found.

Front 17

Where are Transitional Epithelial Cells found?

Back 17

Lining the inside of the upper urethra, bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

Front 18

Are Transitional cells significant?

Back 18

Yes, increased number may suggest inflammation.

But clusters of Transitional cells may be seen after Catheterization and Bladder washings.

Front 19

Where are Renal Epithelial Cells found?

Back 19

Lining the Nephron through the Collecting Tubules.

Front 20

Are Renal cells significant?

Back 20

Normally rare and increased numbers indicate renal disease.

Can be seen with Fevers, Toxins, Inflammations and Infections.

Front 21

When are Fat Droplets seen and from commonly?

Back 21

Catheter lubricants or contaminants.

But fat is most commonly seen in cats.

Front 22

What illnesses are often seen with Fat Droplets?

Back 22

-Diabetes Mellitus

-Hypothyroidism

-Obesity

Front 23

Does Sperm have any significance?

Back 23

No, but still report findings.

Front 24

What are the two types of bacteria?

Back 24

-Cocci

-Rod

Front 25

When is bacteria seen in urine?

Back 25

When left standing at room temperature.

Front 26

What does bacteria indicate?

Back 26

Indicates infection if seen along with WBCs.

Small amounts of Bacteria is normal.

Front 27

What does Yeast indicate?

Back 27

Contamination

In rare instances Yeast infections, but RARE.

Front 28

What are the types of casts?

Back 28

1) Hyaline Casts

2)Cellular Casts

3)Granular Casts

4)Waxy Casts

5) Fatty Casts

Front 29

What gives casts their shape?

Back 29

Their shape results from precipitation of proteins in the tubules of the kidney.

They appear BIG on a microscope, even 10x.

Front 30

What are Hyaline Casts?

Back 30

-The most difficult to see casts.

-Dissolve in Akaline urine.

-Seen because of strenuous exercise, fever, poor renal perfusion or general anesthesia.

Front 31

What are the four types of Cellular Casts?

Back 31

-WBC

-RBC

-Renal Tubular

-Bacterial

Front 32

When are WBC Cellular Cast seen?

Back 32

Most often Neutrophils are in WBC casts.

Most Commonly seen in Pyelonephritis

Front 33

When are Renal Tubular Cellular Casts seen?

Back 33

Resulted from destruction or desquamation of the epithelial cells that line the Renal Tubules.

Front 34

When are RBC Cellular casts seen?

Back 34

Resulted from Glomerular disease.

They are the most FRAGILE.

Front 35

When are Bacterial Cellular casts seen?

Back 35

In Pyelonephritis.

Front 36

What are the Variations of Granular Casts?

Back 36

Fine and Course.

Front 37

What do the Granular casts resembles?

Back 37

Hyaline Casts.

Front 38

Where are Granular casts seen?

Back 38

Renal, Glomerular or Tubular Disease.

Result from the breakdown of cells within the Renal Tubules.

Front 39

What are the stages on Casts Degeneration?

Back 39

Cellular Casts --> Granular Casts --> Waxy Casts

Front 40

What are Waxy Casts?

Back 40

A serious pathological finding and implies severe renal disease, also called a broad cast or renal failure cast.

Very refractive.

Squared ends.

Front 41

When are Fatty casts seen?

Back 41

In cats with Renal Disease and sometimes dogs with Diabetes mellitus.

Large numbers indicate degeneration of Renal Tubules

Glimmer and Glisten

Front 42

What are some things commonly confused with casts?

Back 42

-Mucus

-Rolled squamous

-Fibers, hair

-Scratches on slides

-Yeast

Front 43

What affects crystal formation?

Back 43

-Urine pH

-Urine Temperature

-Urine SG (Concentration)

Front 44

How are crystals classified?

Back 44

By whether they appear in acid urine or alkaline urine.

Front 45

How are crystals identified?

Back 45

Shapes and pH of the urine.

Front 46

What are the Acid Crystals?

Back 46

-Amorphous Urates

-Calcium Oxalate

-Uric Acid

-Tyrosine

-Leucine

-Cystine

Front 47

What are the Alkaline Crystals?

Back 47

-Amorphous Phosphates

-Triple Phosphates

-Ammonium Biurates

-Calcium Carbonate

Front 48

What are Amorphous Urates?

Back 48

Seen as shapeless, pink or red granulation.

Low water intake causes Amorphous Urates.

Seen in Acid or Neutral urine

Front 49

What two forms of Calcium Oxalate crystals?

Back 49

-Dihydrate

-Monohydrate

Front 50

What are Dihydrate crystals?

Back 50

Envelope looking.

Normal in small amounts

Large amounts seen with Urolithiasis

Front 51

What are Monohydrate crystals?

Back 51

Fence Picket looking.

Seen in Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze) Poisoning

Front 52

What is Uric acid crystals?

Back 52

Seen as plates, or rhombic shapes.

Front 53

What are Tyrosine crystals?

Back 53

Seen as fine, dark needles.

Indicates Liver Disease.

Front 54

What are Leucine crystals?

Back 54

Oily Spheres

Indicates Liver Disease.

Front 55

What are Cystine crystals?

Back 55

6 sided, flat plates.

Seen with Renal Tubular Disorders.

Front 56

What are Amorphous Crystals?

Back 56

Seen as a whitish granular precipitate.

UTIs.

Front 57

What are Triple Phosphates Crystals?

Back 57

Seen in Akaline, Neutral, or slightly Acidic urine.

Resembles coffin lids and called STRUVITE.

Small amounts normal, but can mean Urolithiasis or Bladder Infection.

Front 58

What are Ammonium Biurates?

Back 58

Appear as dark yellow or brown thorny apples.

Seen in animals with Liver Disease and Portocaval Shunts

Front 59

What are Calcium Carbonate?

Back 59

Appear as dumbbell shapes.

Commonly and normal seen in Horse and Rabbit urine.

Front 60

What is the Drug related Crystal?

Back 60

Sulfonamides.

Front 61

What are Sulfonamides?

Back 61

Seen in animals being treated with Sulfonamide Antibiotics.

Can cause Kidney damage.

Front 62

What is haziness or cloudiness caused by?

Back 62

Large amounts of WBCs, RBCs, bacteria, crystals, and epis.

Front 63

What correlates with urine pH?

Back 63

Types of crystals.

Front 64

What is caused along with large amounts of blood?

Back 64

Large amounts of protein.

Front 65

What happens to urine left at room temp?

Back 65

Increased: pH, protein, bacteria, and crystals.

Decreased: Casts, ketones, bilirubin.

Front 66

What disintegrates in alkaline urine?

Back 66

Casts and WBCs.

Front 67

What do Ammonium Biurates Crystals look like?

Back 67

Front 68

What do Tyrosine Crystals look like?

Back 68

Front 69

What do Calcium Oxalate Crystals look like?

Back 69

Front 70

What do Triple Phosphate Crystals look like?

Back 70

Front 71

What do Transitional Epithelial Cells look like?

Back 71

Front 72

What do Waxy Casts look like?

Back 72

Front 73

What do Granular Casts look like?

Back 73

Front 74

What do Hyaline Casts look like?

Back 74

Front 75

Epithelial Cells and 3 types and what they look like?

Back 75

-Renal

-Squamous

-Transitional

Front 76

RBC and types and what they look like?

Back 76

-Intact

-Ghost

-Crenated

Front 77

RBCs Microscope look?

Back 77

-Trans Epi Cells

-RBC

Front 78

Transitional Epithelial Cells and look?

Back 78

Front 79

What do Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells look like?

Back 79

Front 80

What do Casts?

Back 80

-Hyaline

-Fine Granular

-WBC

-RBC

-Fatty

-Waxy

-Mucus Threads

Front 81

What do Squamous Epithelial Cells look like?

Back 81

Front 82

Sqamous Epithelial Cells look like?

Back 82

Front 83

What do Renal Cellular Casts look like?

Back 83

Front 84

WBC Cast?

Back 84

Front 85

RBC Cast?

Back 85

Front 86

Fine Granular Cast?

Back 86

Front 87

Course Granular Cast?

Back 87

Front 88

Fatty Cast?

Back 88

Front 89

Akaline Crystals?

Back 89

-Triple Phos.

-Calcium Carbonate

-Amorphous Phosphate

-Ammonium Biurates

Front 90

Ammonium Biurates?

Back 90

Front 91

Calcium Carbonate?

Back 91

Front 92

Acidic Crystals?

Back 92

-Leucine

-Tyrosine

-Cystine

-Amorphous Urates

-Uric Acid

-Sodium Urate

-Fat

-Calcium Dihydrate Oxalate

Front 93

Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate?

Back 93

Front 94

Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate?

Back 94

Front 95

Cystine?

Back 95

Front 96

Tyrosine?

Back 96

Front 97

Leucine?

Back 97

Front 98

Uric Acid?

Back 98

Front 99

Sulfa Drug Crystal?

Back 99