Vitamins - Water Soluble Vitamins

Front 1

What is a cofactor and classifications?

Back 1

non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity.

coenzymes - loosely bound cofactors

prosthetic groups - tightly bound cofactors

apoenzyme - inactive enzyme w/o cofactor

holoenzyme - complete enzyme w/ cofactor

all water-soluble vitamins (except C) are converted/activated to a cofactor

Front 2

What is B1 and B1 deficiency?

Back 2

called Thiamine

active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate

function: serves as coenzyme for transketolase (connects Penate Phosphate Pathway to Glycolysis) and in Oxidative decarboxylation in TCA cycle

Deficiency:
Beriberi - wet = heart, dry = nerves, common in areas where polished rice is major component
Wernicke-Korsakoff - chronic alcoholism causes apathy, loss of memory, and nystagmus

Front 3

What is B2 and B2 deficiency?

Back 3

Riboflavin

active form; Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

function: oxidation or reduction (electron transfer)

Deficiency: dermatitis, stomatitis (fissuring at corner of mouth)

Front 4

What is B3 and B3 deficiency?

Back 4

Niacin

active form: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)

function: electron transfer (ETC, TCA)

Deficiency: Pellagra involving skin, GIT, and CNS. Symptoms include Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia

Also used to treat Hyperlipidemia, lowers cholesterol and plasma triglycerides

Front 5

What is B5 and B5 deficiency?

Back 5

Pantothenic Acid

active form: Coenzyme A

function: synthesis and oxidation of FA (acyl group transfer)

Deficiency: very rare

Front 6

What is B6 and B6 deficiency?

Back 6

Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine

active form: pyridoxal phosphate

function: reactions involving AA

deficiency:
-rare but found in newborns, women taking oral contraceptives, and alcoholics
-can also be induced by Isoniazid a drug used for TB

Front 7

What is B7 and B7 deficiency?

Back 7

Biotin

active form: Enzyme-bound biotin

function: carboxylation reactions

Deficiency: too much raw egg which contains avidin (glycoprotein) which tightly binds biotin and prevents absorption

Front 8

What is B9 and B9 deficiency?

Back 8

Folic Acid

active form: Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

function:
-key role in 1C metabolism
-synthesize and repair DNA
-impt during periods of rapid cell growth and division
-synthesis of AA, purines, and thymidine monophosphate (TMP)

deficiency:
megaloblastic anemia - diminished synthesis of TMP and purines, cannot make DNA, therefore cannot divide
neural tube defects - spina bifida and anencephaly

Front 9

What is B12 and B12 deficiency?

Back 9

Cobalamin

active form: Methylcobalamin, Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

function:
formation of blood and CNS function
homocysteine --> methionine, methylmelonyl CoA --> succ CoA

only synthesized by microorganisms, not present in plants

deficiency:
pernicious anemia - lack of intrinsic factor that prevents absorption of B12, advanced cases may show neuropsychiatric symptoms

Front 10

What is Vit C and Vit C deficiency?

Back 10

Ascorbic Acid

active form: ascorbic acid

function:
-reducing agent
-collagen synthesis
-absorption of dietary iron
-antioxidant

deficiency: Scurvy