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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
vitamin nomenclature was standardized in_______ by _____________
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1990
Journal of Nutrition |
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The last group of nutrients to be discovered and quantified was?
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Vitamins
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The term vitamin was coined by
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Casimir Funk in 1912 as the term vitamine
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Vita
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life
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amine
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contains N
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Were named vitamins because they were
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vital to life and believed to all be amines
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How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?
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4
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How many water soluble vitamins are there?
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12
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A major cause of death and disease to both humans and domesticated animals is
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vitamin deficiency
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Even though only required in minute amounts, when deficient these molecules cause a decrease in production.
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Vitamins
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It is ________ and ___________ to provide livestock with the _________ they need for maximum production
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simple and inexpensive
vitamins |
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Vitamins can be defined by
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any of a group of feed constituents essential in small quantities to maintain life but not themselves supplying energy.
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Vitamins are
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organic components of feedstuffs
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Vitamins are not
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carbohydrates, fats, or protein
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Vitamins regulate
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many body reactions
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Vitamins do not become part of the
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body structure
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When vitamins are deficient or not properly utilized or absorbed
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a specific deficiency condition occurs that reduces animal health and productivity.
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Vitamins do not provide the body with __________ even though they are involved in ____________.
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energy
metabolism |
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Fat soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, K
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Water soluble vitamins
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Ascorbic acid (C), Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Choline, Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), myoinositol, cyanocobalmin (B12), Folic Acid (folacin), PABA
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PABA
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Para-aminobenzoic acid
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Myoinositol and PABA are both synthesized by the
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normal gut microorganisms in people and animals
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Vitamin activity found in the vitamin source is expressed as
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I.U - international units per Kg diet or as USP United States Pharmaceutical Units/Kg
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The I.U. and USP methods of Vitamin measurement takes into consideration
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absorbability, chemical structure, and digestibility
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It is not always a good idea to add vitamins by
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weight, because digestibility absorbabiliy, and activity may vary
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Substances that are usually chemically related to biologically active forms are called
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antivitamins, vitamin antagonists, and pseudovitamins.
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A vitamin antagonist does not function as the__________, and refuses to be ___________.
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vitamin does.
replaced |
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Vitamin chemical composition of fat soluble vitamins includes
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carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
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Vitamin chemical composition of water soluble vitamins include
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C, H, O plus either N, S, or Co
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Fat soluble vitamins are found in ___________ in ________ form
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plants
provitamin form |
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The provitamin form is converted into
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active form by animal
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Water soluble vitamins are not present as ___________.
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provitamins.
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Water soluble vitamins do occur in several different....
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active forms
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Fat soluble vitamins are associated with
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regulation of structural units including building maintenance, and physiological action
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Water soluble B vitamins play a role in
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intermediary metabolism, they are necessary for energy transfer
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Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with
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lipds from the gut
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Water soluble vitamins are absorbed with
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water across the small intestine
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Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in
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fat tissue of the body
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The storage of fat soluble vitamins increases with
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intake and can reach toxic levels
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The storage of fat soluble vitamins can be..
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extensive enough to allow animals to survive, even flourish, on fat soluble deficient diets for a long time
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Water soluble vitamins are only stored in the body
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only for a short time, 2- 4 day storage time.
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The exception to water soluble vitamin storage is
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B12, there is significant B12 storage
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Fat soluble vitamins are excreted in the
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feces
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Water soluble vitamins are excreted in the
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urine
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Rumen microorganisms can synthesize
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water soluble vitamins and vitamin K.
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Rumen microorgnisms do not synthesize
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vitamins A, D, and E
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Vitamin A source is...
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Beta-carotene found in green and yellow plants
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Other good sources of Vitamin A are
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fish oil - 250,000 IU/Kg
yellow fat, liver |
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Vitamin A storage
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body fat and liver
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Vitamin A stability
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is destroyed by oxidation
New corn - 6800 IU/Kg 1 year old corn - 0 IU/Kg |
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Vitamin A In Vivo functions
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vision
epithelium integrity of eye respiratory, alimentary, reproductive and urogenital tract. Bone formation |
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Vitamin A Deficiency Symptoms
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Night blindness, diarrhea due to poor nutrient absorption, pneumonia, bladder stones, sterility, fetus absoprtion, crooked bones, bone overgrowth
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Vitamin A toxicity
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Skin disorder, hair loss, fragile bone.
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Vitamin D source
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Ergosterol precursor found in plants. 7 - dehydrocholesterol precursor found in animals.
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Vitamin D precursors need exposure to ________ to ________ them
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light
activate |
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Vitamin D animal storage
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Some in liver
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Vitamin D stability
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good
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Vitamin D in vivo functions
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calcium absorption
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The D2 form of Vitamin D works in
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all species except poulty
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Poultry requires the ______ form of Vitamin D
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D3
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Vitamin D deficiency causes what disease?
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Rickets due to poor calcium absorption,
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Vitamin D deficiency symptoms
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weakness, poor egg production, anorexia, reduced growth.
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Vitamin D toxicity
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Hypercalcification of heart, kidney and joints, expecially toxic to human infants.
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Vitamin E sources
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Germ of cereal grains, green forage
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Vitamin E animal storage
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large amounts can be stored in fat and liver
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Vitamin E stability
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Low
Easily oxidized |
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Vitamin E in vivo functions
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antioxidant, function with Se to detoxify peroxides.
Cell membrane stability |
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Vitamin E deficiency
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membrane damage
chicks with brain damage degeneration of testes, cure for rat impotence |
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Vitamin E toxicity
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None in most species
nausea in humans |
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Vitamin K sources
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Bacterial synthesis in rumen, large intestine except poultry
Green leafy materials, liver, fish, eggs, commerical menadione |
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Vitamin K storage
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Some in liver
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Vitamin K stability
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fairly stable, actively reduced by dicumerol(rat poison) found in spoiled sweet clover.
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Animals fed spoiled sweet clover require higher....
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Vitamin K intake to offset the dicumerol effect
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Vitamin K is required for
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rapid blood coagulation, ie necessary for prothrombin formation - clot formation
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Vitamin K deficiency
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hemorrage
reduced clotting time anemia, weakness |
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Vitamin K toxicity
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Relatively nontoxic
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Thiamin B1 source
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bacteria, forages, and other feedstuffs
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Thiamin B1 storage
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Low (3-9)
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Thiamin B1 Stability
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Destroyed by moist heat,
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Raw fish contain ________ which lowers ______ activty and can precipitate deficiency symptoms
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thiaminase
thiamin |
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Thiamin B1 in vivo functions
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carbohydrate metabolism
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Thiamin B1 deficiency symptoms
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edema, anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, convulsions, brain lesions, paralysis, reduced growth, increased blood lactate and pyruvate levels
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Thiamin B1 deficiency causes this disease in poultry
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polyneritis
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Thiamin deficiency causes this disease in cattle
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polioencephalonalacia
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Thiamin B1 toxicity
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non toxic
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Riboflavin B2 sources
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Plants, yeast, milk, eggs, liver.
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Nonruminant diets usually contain inadequate amounts of
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Riboflavin B2
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Riboflavin B2 stability
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Good except destroyed by blue and violet light.
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Sunlight can reduce riboflavin levels in milk in
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8 hours
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Riboflavin functions include
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componenet of FAD in ETC,
Energy metabolism, protein metabolism |
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Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in chicks
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curled toe, paralysis, leg paralysis
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Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in swine
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crooked legs, dermatitis, reproductive failure
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Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in humans
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dermatitis,
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Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in ruminants
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anorexia reduced growth
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Riboflavin B2 toxicity
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nontoxic
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Niacin is also called
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nicotinamide
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Niacin B3 source
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leafy materials, vasodilation, distillers products
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Niacin B3 bad source
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cereals
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Niacin B3 animal source
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poor
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Niacin B3 stability
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very stable
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Niacin B3 functions
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hydrogen transport (NAD) in glycolyis, energy metabolism
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Niacin B3 deficiency symptoms
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Pellagra in humans, dementia, lesions on tongue, lips, mouth,nausea,
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What deficiency causes a black tongue in dogs?
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niacin B3
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Niacin deficiency causes
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anorexia, and reduced growth
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Pyridoxine B6 source
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cereal grains, yeast, bacteria, legumes
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Pyridoxine stability
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very stable
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Pyridoxine function
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fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, antibody formation
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Pyridoxine deficiency symptoms
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RARE. anemia, dermatitis, staggering gait, convulsions, anorexia, reduced growth
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Pantothenic Acid sources
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Soybean meal, yeast, bran-rich cereals,
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Poor sources of pantothenic acid
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corn and meat
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pantothenic acid stability
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fair
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pantothenic acid functions
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fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism,
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pantothenic acid is a constituent of
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CoA
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Pantothenic Acid deficiency symptoms in pigs
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goose stepping, dermatitis, eye matting, paralysis, hair loss, fatty liver, anorexia, poor growth,
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Pantothenic Acid deficiency symptoms in humans
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burning feet syndrome
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Biotin source
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synthesized in rumen and intestines
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Ties up biotin in egg whites and can result in deficiency in animals fed egg whites
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avidin
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Biotin in vivo functions
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fat carbohydrate and protein metabolism, carboxylation reactions
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Biotin deficiency symptoms
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dermatitis, hair loss, feather loss, depression, foot lesions
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Biotin deficiency symptoms in birds
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fatty liver
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Biotin deficiency symptoms in swine
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impaired leg coordination, paralysis, anorexia, reduced growth
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Folic acid sources
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liver, legumes, tankage, yeast bacteria, soybean meal
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Folic acid functions
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carbohydrate and protein metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis
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Folic acid deficiency symptoms
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anemia, intestinal upsets, growth depression, anorexia, reduced growth
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Cyanocobalamin B12 source
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protozoa and bacterial products, liver contains some if animal fed aequate diet, feces are rich in B12
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Cyanocobalamin B12 functions
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nucleic acid synthesis, carbohydrate and protein synthesis, propionic acid metabolism, maturation of RBC
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Cyanocobalamin B12 deficiency
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pernicious anemia, anorexia, reduced growth
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Vitamin C source
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citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes
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Vitamin C stability
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Good
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Vitamin C functions
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formation and maintenance of intercellular material, oxidation/reduction reactions in living cells
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Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
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human pig, bat, some birds, and some fish, swollen bleeding gums, increased oxidation of vitamin C - incr need, loosening of teeth, weak bones
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Vitamin C toxicity
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possibly kidney stones
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Paraaminobenzoic acid source
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plants are good sources
liver |
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PABA functions
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enhances growth of microorganisms and chicks
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PABA deficiency symptoms
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Poor growth in chicks
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Inositol source
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plants
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Inositol stability
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good
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Inositol functions
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cures alopecia in mice
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Livestock PABA deficiency is
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rare
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Livestock Inositol deficiency is
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rare
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The similarity of symptoms is one of the reasons that
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identifying vitamin deficiencies is so challenging
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Vitamins also are involved in
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fighting stress and disease in the animal such as in antibody synthesis
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Ruminant vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
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Vitamin A, and sometimes Vitamin D
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Swine vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
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riboflavin B2, niacin B3, B12, choline, and Vitamins A, D and possibly E
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Poultry vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
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all except ascorbic acid (C), inositol, and PABA, thiamin usually not a problem
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Vitamin deficiencies that are most important in horses are
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Vitamins A, D, E, thiamin.
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