• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/146

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

146 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
vitamin nomenclature was standardized in_______ by _____________
1990
Journal of Nutrition
The last group of nutrients to be discovered and quantified was?
Vitamins
The term vitamin was coined by
Casimir Funk in 1912 as the term vitamine
Vita
life
amine
contains N
Were named vitamins because they were
vital to life and believed to all be amines
How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?
4
How many water soluble vitamins are there?
12
A major cause of death and disease to both humans and domesticated animals is
vitamin deficiency
Even though only required in minute amounts, when deficient these molecules cause a decrease in production.
Vitamins
It is ________ and ___________ to provide livestock with the _________ they need for maximum production
simple and inexpensive
vitamins
Vitamins can be defined by
any of a group of feed constituents essential in small quantities to maintain life but not themselves supplying energy.
Vitamins are
organic components of feedstuffs
Vitamins are not
carbohydrates, fats, or protein
Vitamins regulate
many body reactions
Vitamins do not become part of the
body structure
When vitamins are deficient or not properly utilized or absorbed
a specific deficiency condition occurs that reduces animal health and productivity.
Vitamins do not provide the body with __________ even though they are involved in ____________.
energy
metabolism
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water soluble vitamins
Ascorbic acid (C), Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Choline, Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), myoinositol, cyanocobalmin (B12), Folic Acid (folacin), PABA
PABA
Para-aminobenzoic acid
Myoinositol and PABA are both synthesized by the
normal gut microorganisms in people and animals
Vitamin activity found in the vitamin source is expressed as
I.U - international units per Kg diet or as USP United States Pharmaceutical Units/Kg
The I.U. and USP methods of Vitamin measurement takes into consideration
absorbability, chemical structure, and digestibility
It is not always a good idea to add vitamins by
weight, because digestibility absorbabiliy, and activity may vary
Substances that are usually chemically related to biologically active forms are called
antivitamins, vitamin antagonists, and pseudovitamins.
A vitamin antagonist does not function as the__________, and refuses to be ___________.
vitamin does.
replaced
Vitamin chemical composition of fat soluble vitamins includes
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Vitamin chemical composition of water soluble vitamins include
C, H, O plus either N, S, or Co
Fat soluble vitamins are found in ___________ in ________ form
plants
provitamin form
The provitamin form is converted into
active form by animal
Water soluble vitamins are not present as ___________.
provitamins.
Water soluble vitamins do occur in several different....
active forms
Fat soluble vitamins are associated with
regulation of structural units including building maintenance, and physiological action
Water soluble B vitamins play a role in
intermediary metabolism, they are necessary for energy transfer
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with
lipds from the gut
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed with
water across the small intestine
Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in
fat tissue of the body
The storage of fat soluble vitamins increases with
intake and can reach toxic levels
The storage of fat soluble vitamins can be..
extensive enough to allow animals to survive, even flourish, on fat soluble deficient diets for a long time
Water soluble vitamins are only stored in the body
only for a short time, 2- 4 day storage time.
The exception to water soluble vitamin storage is
B12, there is significant B12 storage
Fat soluble vitamins are excreted in the
feces
Water soluble vitamins are excreted in the
urine
Rumen microorganisms can synthesize
water soluble vitamins and vitamin K.
Rumen microorgnisms do not synthesize
vitamins A, D, and E
Vitamin A source is...
Beta-carotene found in green and yellow plants
Other good sources of Vitamin A are
fish oil - 250,000 IU/Kg
yellow fat, liver
Vitamin A storage
body fat and liver
Vitamin A stability
is destroyed by oxidation
New corn - 6800 IU/Kg
1 year old corn - 0 IU/Kg
Vitamin A In Vivo functions
vision
epithelium integrity of eye
respiratory, alimentary, reproductive and urogenital tract. Bone formation
Vitamin A Deficiency Symptoms
Night blindness, diarrhea due to poor nutrient absorption, pneumonia, bladder stones, sterility, fetus absoprtion, crooked bones, bone overgrowth
Vitamin A toxicity
Skin disorder, hair loss, fragile bone.
Vitamin D source
Ergosterol precursor found in plants. 7 - dehydrocholesterol precursor found in animals.
Vitamin D precursors need exposure to ________ to ________ them
light
activate
Vitamin D animal storage
Some in liver
Vitamin D stability
good
Vitamin D in vivo functions
calcium absorption
The D2 form of Vitamin D works in
all species except poulty
Poultry requires the ______ form of Vitamin D
D3
Vitamin D deficiency causes what disease?
Rickets due to poor calcium absorption,
Vitamin D deficiency symptoms
weakness, poor egg production, anorexia, reduced growth.
Vitamin D toxicity
Hypercalcification of heart, kidney and joints, expecially toxic to human infants.
Vitamin E sources
Germ of cereal grains, green forage
Vitamin E animal storage
large amounts can be stored in fat and liver
Vitamin E stability
Low
Easily oxidized
Vitamin E in vivo functions
antioxidant, function with Se to detoxify peroxides.
Cell membrane stability
Vitamin E deficiency
membrane damage
chicks with brain damage
degeneration of testes, cure for rat impotence
Vitamin E toxicity
None in most species
nausea in humans
Vitamin K sources
Bacterial synthesis in rumen, large intestine except poultry
Green leafy materials, liver, fish, eggs, commerical menadione
Vitamin K storage
Some in liver
Vitamin K stability
fairly stable, actively reduced by dicumerol(rat poison) found in spoiled sweet clover.
Animals fed spoiled sweet clover require higher....
Vitamin K intake to offset the dicumerol effect
Vitamin K is required for
rapid blood coagulation, ie necessary for prothrombin formation - clot formation
Vitamin K deficiency
hemorrage
reduced clotting time
anemia, weakness
Vitamin K toxicity
Relatively nontoxic
Thiamin B1 source
bacteria, forages, and other feedstuffs
Thiamin B1 storage
Low (3-9)
Thiamin B1 Stability
Destroyed by moist heat,
Raw fish contain ________ which lowers ______ activty and can precipitate deficiency symptoms
thiaminase
thiamin
Thiamin B1 in vivo functions
carbohydrate metabolism
Thiamin B1 deficiency symptoms
edema, anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, convulsions, brain lesions, paralysis, reduced growth, increased blood lactate and pyruvate levels
Thiamin B1 deficiency causes this disease in poultry
polyneritis
Thiamin deficiency causes this disease in cattle
polioencephalonalacia
Thiamin B1 toxicity
non toxic
Riboflavin B2 sources
Plants, yeast, milk, eggs, liver.
Nonruminant diets usually contain inadequate amounts of
Riboflavin B2
Riboflavin B2 stability
Good except destroyed by blue and violet light.
Sunlight can reduce riboflavin levels in milk in
8 hours
Riboflavin functions include
componenet of FAD in ETC,
Energy metabolism, protein metabolism
Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in chicks
curled toe, paralysis, leg paralysis
Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in swine
crooked legs, dermatitis, reproductive failure
Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in humans
dermatitis,
Riboflavin B2 deficiency symptoms in ruminants
anorexia reduced growth
Riboflavin B2 toxicity
nontoxic
Niacin is also called
nicotinamide
Niacin B3 source
leafy materials, vasodilation, distillers products
Niacin B3 bad source
cereals
Niacin B3 animal source
poor
Niacin B3 stability
very stable
Niacin B3 functions
hydrogen transport (NAD) in glycolyis, energy metabolism
Niacin B3 deficiency symptoms
Pellagra in humans, dementia, lesions on tongue, lips, mouth,nausea,
What deficiency causes a black tongue in dogs?
niacin B3
Niacin deficiency causes
anorexia, and reduced growth
Pyridoxine B6 source
cereal grains, yeast, bacteria, legumes
Pyridoxine stability
very stable
Pyridoxine function
fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, antibody formation
Pyridoxine deficiency symptoms
RARE. anemia, dermatitis, staggering gait, convulsions, anorexia, reduced growth
Pantothenic Acid sources
Soybean meal, yeast, bran-rich cereals,
Poor sources of pantothenic acid
corn and meat
pantothenic acid stability
fair
pantothenic acid functions
fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism,
pantothenic acid is a constituent of
CoA
Pantothenic Acid deficiency symptoms in pigs
goose stepping, dermatitis, eye matting, paralysis, hair loss, fatty liver, anorexia, poor growth,
Pantothenic Acid deficiency symptoms in humans
burning feet syndrome
Biotin source
synthesized in rumen and intestines
Ties up biotin in egg whites and can result in deficiency in animals fed egg whites
avidin
Biotin in vivo functions
fat carbohydrate and protein metabolism, carboxylation reactions
Biotin deficiency symptoms
dermatitis, hair loss, feather loss, depression, foot lesions
Biotin deficiency symptoms in birds
fatty liver
Biotin deficiency symptoms in swine
impaired leg coordination, paralysis, anorexia, reduced growth
Folic acid sources
liver, legumes, tankage, yeast bacteria, soybean meal
Folic acid functions
carbohydrate and protein metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis
Folic acid deficiency symptoms
anemia, intestinal upsets, growth depression, anorexia, reduced growth
Cyanocobalamin B12 source
protozoa and bacterial products, liver contains some if animal fed aequate diet, feces are rich in B12
Cyanocobalamin B12 functions
nucleic acid synthesis, carbohydrate and protein synthesis, propionic acid metabolism, maturation of RBC
Cyanocobalamin B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia, anorexia, reduced growth
Vitamin C source
citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes
Vitamin C stability
Good
Vitamin C functions
formation and maintenance of intercellular material, oxidation/reduction reactions in living cells
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
human pig, bat, some birds, and some fish, swollen bleeding gums, increased oxidation of vitamin C - incr need, loosening of teeth, weak bones
Vitamin C toxicity
possibly kidney stones
Paraaminobenzoic acid source
plants are good sources
liver
PABA functions
enhances growth of microorganisms and chicks
PABA deficiency symptoms
Poor growth in chicks
Inositol source
plants
Inositol stability
good
Inositol functions
cures alopecia in mice
Livestock PABA deficiency is
rare
Livestock Inositol deficiency is
rare
The similarity of symptoms is one of the reasons that
identifying vitamin deficiencies is so challenging
Vitamins also are involved in
fighting stress and disease in the animal such as in antibody synthesis
Ruminant vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
Vitamin A, and sometimes Vitamin D
Swine vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
riboflavin B2, niacin B3, B12, choline, and Vitamins A, D and possibly E
Poultry vitamin deficiencies that are most important are
all except ascorbic acid (C), inositol, and PABA, thiamin usually not a problem
Vitamin deficiencies that are most important in horses are
Vitamins A, D, E, thiamin.