Vitamins And Nutrients

Front 1

Fat soluable vitamins, names and dz with malabsorbtion, where are they absorbed

Back 1

ADEK, malabsorbed in CF, sprue, mineral oil intake

Hint 1

Absorbed in guit (ileum) and pancreas, toxicity b/c they can accumulate in the FAT

Front 2

Vitamin A (retinol), function and where its found, then def and excess

what kind of birth defect?

Back 2

Antioxidant, visual pigment constituant

Liver and leafy veg

Hint 2

Def: Night blidness, dry skin
Excess: Teratogen (cleft palate, cardiac), arthralgia, skin changees

Front 3

Vit B1 (thiamine): function and then dz w/ deficiency

What enzymes is it needed for?

Back 3

Fnx: makes thiamine pyrophosphate, cofactor for
1) pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyuvate -> acetyl coA)
2) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
3) Transketolase (HMP shunt making genrates NADPH to reduce glutathione in RBCs)
4) Branched-chain AA dyhydrogenase

Hint 3

Wernick-Korsakoff (ataxia, confabulation, nystagmus) and beriberi (dry- polyneuritis muscle wasting, wet- dialated cardiomyopathy, edema)

SEEN IN ALCOHOLISM

Front 4

Vit B2 (riboflavin)

Fnx

Deficiency

Back 4

Cofactor in oxidation and reduction (FADH2) -> make FAD and FMN (2 C's)

Hint 4

Deficiency: Cheilosis, corneal vascularization

Front 5

Vit B3 (niacin)

Fnx, how to make it

Deficiency, Tox

Back 5

Part of NAD, NADP, made from trypotophan, needs B6 to make it

Hint 5

Deficiency: Hartnup dz (low trytophan absorption), carcinoid syndrome (high tryptophan metabolism), INH (low B6) -> Glossitis, PELLEGRA

XS: pharm dosing -> facial flushing

Front 6

Pellegra: signs and cause

Back 6

Diarhhea, Dermatitis, Dementia

Hint 6

From severly low B3 from Hartnups (low Tryptophan absorbtion), malignant carcinoid (high use), or INH (anti-TB drug that lowers B6)

Front 7

Vit B5 (pantothenate)

Fnx

Deficiency

Back 7

Part of CoA and FA synthesis

(pantothen-A)

Hint 7

Sx: Dermatitis, Enteritis, Alopecia, Adrenal Insufficiency

Front 8

Vit B6 (pyridoxine)

Fnx

Def and Causees

Back 8

Used in transamination (ALT and AST), heme synth, niacin synth

Hint 8

Def: convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, irritability)

Causes: OCPs and INH (anti-TB drug isoniazid)

Front 9

Vit B12 (cobalamin)

Fnx

Labs for low B12

Back 9

homocysteine -> methionine (using folate and B12)
methylmalonyl-CoA -> Succinyl-CoA

Hint 9

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, abnormal myelin-> neurological (paesthesia)

Front 10

Causes and Presentation of low B12

Back 10

malabsorbtion, vegetarian, sprue/enteritis, low intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia), gastric bypass, ileum resection from Crohn;s

Hint 10

large reserve pool, years to lower

Schilling Test

Front 11

Folic Acid

Fnx

Sx and where to get it

Back 11

DNA and RNA base synthesis (as THF)

Hint 11

Macrocytic, megaloblastic, but no neuro findings, NTDs in kids

Leafy green vegetables, depletes in months (or from MTX, sulfonamides)

Front 12

Biotin

Fnx

Def causes and Sx

Back 12

carboxylation cofactor

Hint 12

Deficiency: dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis

Antibiotic uses or excessive raw egg ingestion (egg whites avidly bind biotin)

Front 13

Vit C

Back 13

iron absorbtion, collagen synth (hydroxylation of proline), dopamine -> NE conversion

Hint 13

Def: scurvy (swollen gums, brusing, anemia, wound sores)

Found in fruit and veg (limy)

Front 14

Vit D

D2 = from plants
D3= from milk and sun exposure

Back 14

Promote absorb of Ca and PO4- in gut, increase bone resorbtion

Hint 14

Def: rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults (soft bones, bending, hypocalcemic tetani)

XS: hypercalcemia, anorexia, stupor
sarcoidosis can cause hyper vit D (through xs activation by macrophages)

Front 15

Vit E

Back 15

Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radicals)

Hint 15

Def: hemolytic anemai, muscleweakness

Front 16

Vit K

Back 16

made in intestinal flora-> def after antibiotics, babies get injection at birth to prevent bleeding (no flora)

make II, VII, IX,X, C and S

Antagonist: Warfarin

Hint 16

K= koagulation

Def: PT and aPTT go up but normal bleeding time,

Front 17

Zinc

Back 17

100+ enzymes (zinc finger for TFs)

Hint 17

Def: wound healing prlblmes, hypogonadism, low hair, alcoholic cirhossis?

Front 18

Ethanol metabolism

2 enzymes, limiting reagent

Kinetics, Tx

Back 18

EtOH ---EtOH dehydrogenase (cytosol)---> acetaldehyde -----> Acetadelhyde dehydrogenase (mitochondria)---->> acetate

also uses up 2 NAD+ -> NADH

Hint 18

EtOH dehydrogenase is Zero order

Disulfirum- block acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, build up of acetaldehyde (hangover)

Fomepizole- block alochol dehydrogenase, build up of ethanol

Front 19

Mech of EtOH hypoglycemia

Back 19

Use up NAD+, regenrated by pyruvate ->> lactate, oxaloacetate -> malate

Hint 19

inhibits gluconeogensis in lover, stimulate FA synthesis

Front 20

Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus

Back 20

Protein malnutrition -> skin lesions, edema, anemia, liver fatty change, small child w/ swollen belly

Hint 20

Energy malnutrition, tissue muscle wasting

Front 21

How do you remember vit Bs?

Back 21

Vit B takes Real Nerve Popping Pills

Hint 21

thiamine, riboflavin niacin pantothenate pyroxidine

Front 22

How do you rember fnx of Niacin

Back 22

B3 = tri = tryptophan
P = pellegra

Hint 22

Pellegra = 3 D's (3rd letter in alphabet

Front 23

How do you remember fnx of Riboflavin?

Back 23

B2 = 2 C's (chelosis and corneal vascularization)

Hint 23

FLAVIN = FADH2

Front 24

Which megaloblastic anemia nutrient washes out quickly

Back 24

Folate

Hint 24

vs B12 which causes Brain problems (parathesias)

Front 25

Biotin

cofactor for what?

Back 25

Pyruvate carboxylase (not too important -> OAA)

making FAs