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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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night blindness, dry skin
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Vitamin A (retinol) deficiency
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constituent of visual pigments; essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue
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Vitamin A (retinol)
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Used to treat measles
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Vitamin A (retinol)
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arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, skin changes, sore throat, alopecia
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Vitamin A excess
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cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase
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B1 (thiamine)
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cofactor for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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B1 (thiamine)
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cofactor for transketolase
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B1 (thiamine)
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cofactor for branched-chain AA dehydrogenase
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B1 (thiamine)
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deficiency causes impaired glucose breakdown-->ATP deficiency; glucose infusion can worsen
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B1 (thiamine)
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deficient in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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B1 (thiamine)
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deficient in beriberi
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B1 (thiamine)
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cofactor in oxidation and reduction
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B2 (riboflavin)
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FAD and FMN are derived from it
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B2 (riboflavin)
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cheilosis and corneal vascularization
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B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
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constituent of NAD+, NADP+; used in redox reactions
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B3 (niacin)
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derived from tryptophan
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B3 (niacin)
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requires vitamin B6 for synthesis
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B3 (niacin)
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glossitis
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B3 (niacin) deficiency
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diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia
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B3 (niacin) deficiency (this is pellagra)
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can be caused by Hartnup disease
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B3 (niacin) deficiency (due to decreased tryptophan absorption)
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can be caused by malignant carcinoid syndrome
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B3 (niacin) deficiency (increased tryptophan metabolism)
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can be caused by INH
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B3 (niacin) deficiency (because of decreased B6)
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facial flushing
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B3 (niacin) excess
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used to treat hyperlipidemia
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B3 (niacin)
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essential component of CoA
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B5 (pantothenate)
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essential component of fatty acid synthase
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B5 (panthothenate)
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dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency
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B5 (pantothenate) deficiency
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converted into pyridoxal phosphate
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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converted and used as a cofactor in transamination (eg ALT and AST)
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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converted and used as a cofactor in decarboxylation reactions
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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converted and used as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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cofactor in cystathionine synthesis
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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cofactor in heme synthesis
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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required for synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia
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B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
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deficiency inducible by INH and OCPs
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B6 (pyridoxine)
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cofactor for homocysteine methyltranferase
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B12 (cobalamin)
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cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
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B12 (cobalamin)
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macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with hypersegmented PMNs, neurologic symptoms (paresthesias, subacute combined degeneration) due to abnormal myelin
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B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
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Deficiency can be caused by malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum
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B12 (cobalamin)
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Schilling test used to detect the etiology of a deficiency
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B12 (cobalamin)
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converted to tetrahydrofolate, a conezyme for one-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
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folic acid
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important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
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folic acid
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macrocytic megaloblastic anemia with NO neurologic symptoms
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folic acid
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most common vitamin deficiency in the US
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folic acid
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deficiency is common in alcoholism and pregnancy
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folic acid
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transfers methyl units
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SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)
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regeneration is dependent on vitamin B12 and folate
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SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)
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required for conversion of NE to epi
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SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)
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important in synthesis of phospho-creatine
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SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)
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cofactor for carboxylation enzymes
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biotin
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deficiency is rare but can be caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw eggs
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biotin
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avidin in egg whites binds it
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biotin
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dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis in someone who enjoys raw eggs or just finished antibiotics
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biotin
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facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in a more absorbable reduced state
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C (ascorbic acid)
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necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
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C (ascorbic acid)
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necessary for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine into nNE
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C (ascorbic acid)
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swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing
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vitamin C deficiency (this is scurvy)
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weakened immune response
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vitamin C deficiency
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incrase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
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vitamin D (calcitriol)
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increase bone resorption
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vitamin D (calcitriol)
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rickets, osteomalacia
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D deficiency
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hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor
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D excess
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excess seen in sarcoidosis
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D (calcitriol)
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protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage
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Vitamin E
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fragile erythrocytes-->hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
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Vitamin E deficiency
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catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins concerned with blood clotting
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vitamin K
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necessary for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, and protein C and S
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vitamin K
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neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and increased aPTT but normal bleeding time
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vitamin K deficiency
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hemorrhage with increased PT and increased aPTT but normal bleeding time after prolonged broad spectrum antibiotic use
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vitamin K deficiency
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essential for the activity of 100+ enzymes
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zinc
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delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decrased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia
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zinc deficiency
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deficiency may pre-dispose to alcoholic cirrhosis
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zinc
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