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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Temperatures of deep structures of the body
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core temp
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oral, axillary
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surface temp
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Abnormal lowering of body temp below 35 C or 95 F, ususally caused by prolonged exposure to cold
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hypothermia
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Elevation in the hypothalmic set point , so that the body temp is regulated at a higher level
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fever
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situation in the body in which temp exceeds the set point
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hyperthermia
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substance that cause a rise in the body temp, as in the case of bacterial toxins
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pyrogens
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Basic Process of heat loss(Name 4)
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-Radiation
-Conduction -Convection -Evaporation |
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___ the transfer of heat energy when liquid is changed to a gas
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Evaporation
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Ex. of Evaporation
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diaphoresis (perspiration, sweating)
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____ The transfer of heat between two objects without physical contact
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Radiation
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Ex. of radiaton
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a patient losing heat in a cool environment
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____ The transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact
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Conduction
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Ex. of Conduction
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-warm skin touching a cooler object
-applying ice pack on pt head -bathing pt in tepid (warm)water -applying several layers of clothes |
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____ The transfer of heat away from the body by air movement.
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Convection
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Ex. of Convection
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-skin coming in contact with moving air (a fan blowing at you)
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What are the contraindications of taking oral temperature?
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--mouth breathing pt
-uncooperative pt -seizures -unconscious -less than 6 yrs olf -nasal/oral surgery -trauma |
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What are the contraindications of taking a rectal temperature?
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-rectal or prostate surgery or disorders
-diarhhea -impacted stool -serious Cardiac (heart) disease -vagal stimulation may slow heart rate |
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Can you take a rectal temp in a new born? Why or why not?
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No, bc it may perforate rectal wall
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Can you take a temp in a child less than 6 yr old ?
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No
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What is the safest, most non-invasive method to take a temp?
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Axillary
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How long do you have to wait to take a temp orally if the client has had food, liquids, gum, etc?
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15 minutes
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For a gallium thermometer, how long do you have to wait for a reading?
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3-5 minutes
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For rectal route, what are appropratie PPE?
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-gloves(required)
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How far would you insert a thermometer in an adult, child, and infant?
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-adult(1.5 inches)
-child( 1 inch) -infant(0.5 inch) |
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Name the diff types of thermometers
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-mercury
-electronic -chemical -temporal -temp sensitive tape |
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____The palpable bounding of the blood flow in the peripheral artery
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Pulse
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The volume of blood pumped by the heart during one min
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cardiac output
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Formula for cardiac output
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CO= HR x SV
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____ The total volume of blood into the aorta with each contraction
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stroke volume
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How much blood goes through the heart with each beat?
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60-70 mL
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List the sites in which a nurse can take a pulse
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-carotid
-radial -brachial -femoral -politeal -pedal pulse -dorsalis pedis - posterios tiabial |
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The condition that exists when the radial pulse is less thena the ventricular rate ar auscultated at th e apex or seen on an electrogram. The condition Indicates a lack of peripheral perfusion/circulation for some of the heart contractions
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pulse deficit
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When does pulse deficit occur?
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when the apical pulse is greater than a peripheral pulse
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Factors that influence pulse/ heart rate
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-excercise
-temperature -emotions -drugs -hemmorhage -postural changes -pulmonary conditions |
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What can increase pulse or heart rate?
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-short-term excercise
-fever, heat, hypothermia -pain or anxiety -drugs with epinephrine -standing or sitting -disease like asthma or COPD |
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Factors that decrease pulse rate
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-long term excercise (lower at rest , quicker to return to resting after excerise)
-hypothermia -unrelieved pain -drugs such beta-adrenergic blockers -lying down |
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___The mechanism the body ises to exchange hases between the atmosphere, the blood, and the cells.
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Respiration
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Process of Respiration
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-Ventilation
-Diffusion -Perfusion |
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The mechanical movement of gases into and out od the lungs
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ventilation
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The movement of oxygen (O2) ans carbon dioxide (C02) between the alveoli ans the red blood cells
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diffusion
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The distibution of the red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillary
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perfusion
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___ The normal rate and depth of ventilation
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eupnea
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A respiratory rate of less then 12 per min
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bradypnea
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A respiratory rate of more than 20
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tachypnea
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____The lack of respiratory movements.
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apnea
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Normal respiratory rate
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12-20breaths per min
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If you observe periods of apna with SHALLOW or DEEP BREATHING, would this be a regular of irregular rhythm?
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irregular
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When you assess for respiration , you are observing what?
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-rhythm
-rate -effort -depth |
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Infants tend to breath more/less regularly?
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less regular
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T/F Children sometimes breathe slowly fora few seconds and then suddenly breathe more rapidly.
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True
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What are factors that affect respiration?
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-excercise
-acute pain -anxiety -smoking -body position -medications - nerurological injury -hemogloblin function |
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Excercise increase or decrease respiration rate?
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Increase
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T/F Anxiety increases respiration rate and depth
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True
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T/F Smoking decreases respiratory rate at rest when not smoking
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False, it increases
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T/F Drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine may increase rate, and therefore causing bronchodilators to slow respiratory rates
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False, it decreases
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T/F Increased altitude lowers the amount of saturated hemoglobin , which decrease respiratory rate
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first part is true, but second part is false. Respiratory rates increase
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T/F Abnormal body cell function increases ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen, which decreases the respiratory rate and depth
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both false, reduces hemooglobin, increases respiratory rate
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Acceptable heart range for infant (beat/min)
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120-160(beat/min)
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Acceptable heart range toddler
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90-140(beat/min)
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Acceptable heart range Preschooler
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80-110(beat/min)
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Acceptable heart range school-ager
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75-100(beat/min)
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Acceptable heart range adolescent
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60-90(beat/min)
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adult
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60-100(beat/min)
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____ is the force exerted on the walls of an artery created by the pulsing blood under pressure from the heart.
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Blood pressure
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___ ____ occurs when the heart's ventricular contraction forces blood under high pressure into aorta
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systolic pressure
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When the ventricles relax, the blood remaining in the arteries exerts a ____ ____.
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diastolic pressure
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The diff between systolic and diastolic pressure is ___ ____.
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Pulse pressure
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the range in BP is
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30-50 mm Hg.
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If BP range is abnormal, this indicates what?
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neurological or cardiac dysfunction
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Normal Bp range
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120/80
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Pre-hypertensive range
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120/80 or 139/89
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Hypertensive range
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140/90 or above
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Hypertensive range
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160-100
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Where can blood pressure be measured?
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arm, forearm, or popliteal
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Direct method of measuring BP
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This method is invasive. It is a thin insertion of a thin catheter into an artery. Used in ICU (required)
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Indirect method of measuring BP
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This method is non-invasive. Requires uses of sphygomanometer and stethoscope.
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If BPcuff is too narrow, will get false ___
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high
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If the BP cuff is too wide, will get false ___
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low
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Equipment used for BP
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-BP cuff w/ inflatable bladder, 40%of circumference of the midoint of limb
-sphygnanometer- aneroid (dial) or mercury (Hg) -stethoscope |
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Factors that affect BP
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-gender
- ethnicity -medication -activity -weight -diet -smoking |
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T/F Larger children have higher BP than smaller children of the same age
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True
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T/F Older adults have a decrease in systolic presure related to decreased elasticity of blood used
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false, it increases
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Y/N Is there a difference in BP level between boys and girls BEFORE puberty?
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No
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After puberty do males have higher readings?
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Yes
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Is it During or After menopause, when women have higher BP then men of the same age?
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It is both, during and after
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Hyper tension is more common in what ethnicity?
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African Americans; they develop severe hypertension at an earlier age & have twice the risks for complications
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T/F Pain, anxiety, and fear stimulate the SNS causing BP to go down.
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False, increase
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Can bladder increase BP?
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Yes, it increases the SNS
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Is Bp the same throughout the whole day? Why?
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no, it varies. BP lower durign sleep and higher during the day.
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Anti-hypertensive medications and narcotics increase/ decrease during the day
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decrease, lowers
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Vasoconstrictors increase or decrease BP?
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increase
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Can sitting down or sitting up affect BP?
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Yes
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If your body demands oxygen during activity (excercise), will it go up or down?
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increases
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Why would diet be a factor influencing BP?
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-low diet& high in potassium=reduce BP
-vegetarian diets & lmtd alochol comsumption lowers BP |
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Why would smoking cause an elevation in BP?
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Smoking results in vasoconstricts, narrowing blood vessels
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