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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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THE EYE IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 2 CAVITIES?
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ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
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THE POSTERIOR CAVITY IS EVERYTHING FROM THE ____
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LENS BACKWARDS
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THE ANTERIOR CAVITY IS EVERYTHING FROM THE ___
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LENS FORWARD
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THE POSTERIOR CAVITY IS MADE UP OF?
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VITREOUS HUMOR
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THE ANTERIOR CAVITY IS MADE UP OF?
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AQUEOUS HUMOR
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LIGHT PASSES THROUGH ____ TO GET TO THE RETINA
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POSTERIOR CAVITY
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THE ANTERIOR CAVITY HAS WHAT 2 CHAMBERS?
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ANTERIOR CHAMBER
POSTERIOR CHAMBER |
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POSTERIOR CHAMBER IS BETWEEN
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BETWEEN IRIS AND LENS
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ANTERIOR CHAMBER IS BETWEEN
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BETWEEN IRIS AND CORNEA
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AQUEOUS HUMOR IS SECRETED BY _____ INTO POSTERIOR CHAMBER
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CILIARY BODIES
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Interrupting the Canal of Schlemm would interrupt the drainage ability to drain aqueous humor which would lead to ?
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glaucoma
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Acute vision comes from?
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Fovea Centralis
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OPTIC DISC IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE
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BLIND SPOT
(THERE ARE NO PHOTORECEPTORS) |
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THE BACK OF THE EYE IS LINED WITH
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RETINA
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RETINA CONTAINS PHOTORECEPTORS THAT DETECT
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LIGHT
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LENS ARE HELD IN PLACE BY
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SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
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THE IRIS CAN (2)
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CONSTRICT OR DILATE PUPIL
REGULATES OPENING TO ALLOW LIGHT IN |
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THE FLAT STRUCTURE IN THE BACK OF THE EYE, WHICH ABSORBS LIGHT IS
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CHOROID
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PUPIL CONSTRICTION CONTRACTS ____ MUSCLE
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CIRCULAR
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PUPIL DILATION CONTRACTS ____ MUSCLE
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RADIAL
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PUPIL CONSTRICTION IS REGULATED BY THE
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PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
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PUPIL DILATION IS REGULATED BY THE
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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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FOR PUPIL DILATION, WHEN RADIAL MUSCLE CONTRACTS - IT PULLS
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OUTWARD - CAUSING PUPIL TO GET LARGER
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Left side of visual field of each eye goes to ?
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RIGHT OPTIC NERVE
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Right side of visual field of each eye goes to
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LEFT OPTIC NERVE
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LOOKING AT FAR OBJECTS - LENS HAS TO
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FLATTEN OUT
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AS OBJECTS GETS CLOSER - LENS HAS TO
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ROUND UP
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WHAT 2 THINGS ALLOWS LENS TO CHANGE SHAPE
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SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS AND CILIARY MUSCLES
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WHEN CILIARY MUSCLES RELAXES WHAT DOES IT DO TO THE LENS
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PULLS SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
TIGHTENS LENS FLATTENS IT |
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WHEN CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACTS WHAT DOES IT DO TO THE LENS
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IT REDUCES TENSION ON LIGAMENTS
SO LENS ROUNDS UP |
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WHEN YOUR LENS LOSES ELASTICITY IT IS CALLED?
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PRESBYOPIA
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PERFECT VISION IS CALLED
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EMMETROPIA
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NEARSIGHTEDNESS IS CALLED
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MYOPIA
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FARSIGHTEDNESS IS CALLED
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HYPEROPIA
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WHEN YOU ARE NEARSIGHTED, IMAGE IS FOCUSED?
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IN FRONT OF THE RETINA
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WHEN YOU ARE FARSIGHTED, IMAGE IS FOCUSED
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BEHIND RETINA
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WHEN YOU ARE NEARSIGHTED, YOUR EYE BALL IS
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TOO LONG
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WHEN YOU ARE FARSIGHTED, YOUR EYEBALL IS
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TOO SHORT
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WHEN LIGHT PASSES THROUGH EYE - THEN GOES TO OPTIC NERVE - IT HAS TO TRAVELS THROUGH 4 CELLS - IN ORDER WHAT ARE THEY
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1ST - GANGLION CELLS
2ND - AMACRINE CELLS 3RD - BIPOLAR CELLS 4TH - HORIZONTAL CELLS |
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ASTIGMATISM IS WHEN
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THERE IS ASYMMETRY OF LENS
CORRECTED BY UNEVEN LEN |
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THE RETINA IS AN EXTENSION OF THE ___
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BRAIN
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THE RETINA CONTAINS (3)
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PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM
RODS AND CONES LAYERS OF NEURONS |
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GANGLION CELLS RECEIVE INPUT FROM ____
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BIPOLAR CELLS
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BIPOLAR CELLS RECEIVE INPUT FROM
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RODS AND CONES
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RODS HAVE WHAT TYPE OF VISION
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BLACK AND WHITE
UNDER LOW LIGHT |
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CONES HAVE WHAT TYPE OF VISION
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COLOR VISION
UNDER BRIGHT LIGHTS |
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THE RETINA HAS AN OUTER SEGMENT, THIS OUTER SEGMENT HAS _____
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FLATTENED DISC
WHICH CONTAINS A PHOTORECEPTOR CALLED RHODOPSIN |
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RHODOPSIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR
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VISION
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THE INNER SEGMENT IN THE RETINA IS COMPRISED OF
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ION CHANNELS AND SIGNALING COMPONENTS
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM
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IT IS SUPPORTIVE AND
PHAGOCYTOSIS THE OUTER SEGMENTS - SO YOU CAN GET RID OF WORN OUT RHODOPSIN |
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THE RETINA IS A IMMUNOPRIVILEGED SITE, WHICH MEANS
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YOU CAN RECEIVE A RETINAL TRANSPLANT AND YOUR BODY WON'T REJECT IT
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RODS AND CONES ARE ACTIVATED BY
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PHOTONS
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RODS CONTAIN THOUSANDS OF MOLECULES OF
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RHODOPSIN
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WHAT 2 MOLECULES IS RHODOPSIN MADE UP OF
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11-CIS RETINAL
OPSIN |
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RETINAL IS DERIVED FROM
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VITAMIN A
(ESSENTIAL FOR VISION) |
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RETINAL HAS 2 FORMS
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11 CIS
ALL-TRANS |
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WHEN RHOSOPSIN ABSORBS LIGHT -- IT CAUSES _____ TO CHANGE ITS CONFORMATION
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11 CIS RETINAL
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WHEN 11 CIS RETINAL CHANGES ITS CONFORMATION. IT CHANGES TO
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ALL-TRANS RETINAL
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WHEN RETINAL CHANGES ITS CONFORMATION IT CAUSES _____ TO LOSE ITS AFFINITY
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OPSIN
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WHEN OPSIN CHANGES ITS CONFORMATION IT WILL THEN ACTIVATE ____
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A G-PROTEIN (TRANSDUCIN)
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WHEN ALPHA DISSOCIATES FROM THE G-PROTEIN, THE ALPHA SUBUNIT WILL ACTIVATE?
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PHOSPHODIETERASE (PDE)
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WHEN PHOSPHODIETERASE IS ACTIVATED IT WILL BREAK DOWN _____ AND CLOSE ____
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BREAK DOWN CGMP
AND CLOSE NA CHANNELS |
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WHEN YOU INHIBIT DARK CURRENT, RODS WILL ______
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HYPERPOLARIZE
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BLEACHING OCCURS WHEN
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11-CIS RETINAL CHANGES TO ALL-TRANS RETINAL
THE PIGMENTATION LOSES ITS COLOR |
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WHEN YOU ARE OUTSIDE IN THE LIGHT YOUR RODS ARE BEING ____?
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BLEACHED
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IN THE TOTAL DARK, YOUR RODS ARE ___?
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DEPOLARIZED
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RODS RELEASE AN ______ TRANSMITTER
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INHIBITORY TRANSMITTER
THAT INHIBITS BIPOLAR CELLS |
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WHEN YOU GO INTO THE LIGHT, THE RODS ARE NOW BEING _____
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HYPERPOLARIZED
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WHEN THE RODS ARE HYPERPOLARIZED, THEY WILL STOP RELEASING....
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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WHEN IN THE DARK ____ IONS ARE COMING IN, WHICH WILL DEPOLARIZE RODS
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POSITIVE
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IN THE DARK, NA CHANNELS IN THE OUTER SEGMENT IS ?
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OPEN
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IN THE DARK, CYCLIC GMP KEEPS NA CHANNELS OPEN, SO CGMP LEVELS ARE ___
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HIGH
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WHEN LIGHT IS DETECTED IN THE RODS, NA CHANNELS WILL
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CLOSE
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WHEN LIGHT IS DETECTED IN THE RODS, NA CHANNELS WILL CLOSE - CAUSING RODS TO
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HYPERPOLARIZE
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LIGHT CAUSES CGMP CHANNELS TO ____
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CLOSE
LEVELS ARE LOW |
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IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT, BIPOLAR CELLS ARE ____
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DISINHIBITED
(MEANING THEY ARE ACTIVE) |
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CONES AND COLOR VISION ARE ____ SENSITIVE TO LIGHT
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LESS
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ALL PERCEIVED COLORS ARE A COMBINATION OF WHAT 3 COLORS
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RED - BLUE - GREEN
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CONES USES ____ INSTEAD OF OPSIN
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PHOTOPSIN
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WHEN YOU ARE COLOR BLIND, YOU HAVE LOST....
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ONE OR MORE CONE TYPE
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IMAGES ARE CENTERED ON THE
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FOVEA CENTRALIS
(HAS MOST ACUTE VISION) |
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THE FOVEA HAS A HIGH DENSITY OF..
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CONES
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THE FOVEA SITS WITHIN THE ___
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MACULA LUTEA
(IN RETINAL AREA) |
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IN THE CONES, THERE IS NO ______. WHICH LEADS TO GREATER ACUITY
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CONVERGENCE
NOT SENSITIVE |
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IN THE RODS, THERE IS _____. WHICH LOSES ACUITY ON RETINA
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CONVERGENCE
VERY SENSITIVE |
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AXONS OF THE GANGLION EXITS THROUGH....
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BLIND SPOT
(THERE IS NO RODS AND CONES) |
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THALAMUS SENDS 70-80% OF INFO TO WHERE?
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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WHEN THE THALAMUS SENDS INFO TO THE OCCIPITAL LOBE, IT TELLS IT....
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WHAT IT IS
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THE REMAINING 20-30% OF FIBERS ARE FROM THE?
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SUPERIOR COLLICULI
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THE SUPERIOR COLLICULI TELLS BRAIN...
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WHERE IT IS
CALLED THE TECTAL SYSTEM |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF NEURAL CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS
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1. SACCADIC
2. SMOOTH PURSUIT MOVEMENTS 3. VERGENCE MOVEMENTS |
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SACCADIC HAS WHAT TYPE OF VELOCITY?
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HIGH
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SACCADIC TARGETS IMAGE ON ____, SO WE HAVE GOOD VISION
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FOVEA
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THE SMOOTH PURSUIT MOVEMENTS ARE ____ SO WE CAN MATCH SPEED OF MOVING OBJECTS
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SLOW
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VERGENCE MOVEMENTS IS WHEN
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IMAGE IS BROUGHT TO FOVEA ON BOTH EYES
ALLOWS 3D VISION |
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IN THE EYE, THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF REFRACTION OCCURS WHEN LIGHT PASSES FROM THE AIR INTO THE ____
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CORNEA
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LIGHT ABSORPTION REQUIRES THE PRESENCE OF?
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VISUAL PIGMENTS
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VISUAL PIGMENTS ARE DERIVATIVES OF THE COMPOUND
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RHODOPSIN
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THE STRUCTURE THAT OVERLIES THE ORGAN OF CORTI IS
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THE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
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THE SENSORY RECEPTORS OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ARE LOCATED IN THE....
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AMPULLA
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WHAT WE PERCEIVE AS PITCH OF A SOUND IS OUR SENSORY RESPONSE TO ITS
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FREQUENCY
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WHEN A ROD IS STIMULATED BY LIGHT..WHAT HAPPENS TO CGMP LEVELS
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IT DECREASES
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