Viruses And Bacteria

Front 1

What is the borderline between living and nonliving?

Back 1

viruses

Front 2

How do viruses reproduce?

Back 2

when put in a cell viruses can reproduce itself and kill the cell

Front 3

Can viruses feed?

Back 3

no

Front 4

Viruses have a center core that is made up of ______.

Back 4

nucleic acids (RNA or DNA)

Front 5

What surrounds the core?

Back 5

a capside made of protein which serves as a protective covering

Front 6

What surrounds the capsid?

Back 6

an envelope which is a protective covering against host

Front 7

Which is bigger, a virus or bacterium?

Back 7

bacterium

Front 8

What is a bacteriophage?

Back 8

a virus that affects a bacterium

Front 9

Describe the lysogenic cycle.

Back 9

1. phage genetic material incorporated into bacterial DNA
2. phage genome may replicate with bacterium for many generations
3. bacterium divides and phage genome is passed onto offspring

Front 10

Describe the lytic cycle.

Back 10

1. many copies of phage protein and genetic material is produced
2. conditions cause phage to enter lytic phase
3. mature phages assemble; released when phage enzymes lyses bacterial cell wall

Front 11

What is a hypothesis for where viruses came from?

Back 11

DNA/RNA escaped cell and coded for a protective coat, forming a virus

Front 12

What is a viroid?

Back 12

short strand of DNA with no protein coat that interferes with host gene regulation and cause several diseases

Front 13

What is a prion?

Back 13

a strand of protein that is normally harmless, but if it changes shape it can cause fatal brain disease (ex. mad cow disease)

Front 14

Describe a bacterium.

Back 14

-prokaryotic
- ribosomes for protein production
- circular chromosomes
- have plasmids

Front 15

Describe how bacteria reproduce.

Back 15

no true sexual reproduction, but they just split in half

Front 16

What is the oldest fossil?

Back 16

that of a photosynthetic bacteria in oxygen-poor environment

Front 17

What are the 2 kingdoms of bacteria?

Back 17

Kingdom Archaea - ancient bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria - "true" bacteria

Front 18

What are the 2 phyla of K. Eubacteria?

Back 18

P. Schizophyta and P. Cyanophyta

Front 19

P. Cyanophyta used to called ______ and it contains ________.

Back 19

blue-green algae - photosynthetic bacteria

Front 20

Which is smaller, archaea or eubacteria?

Back 20

archaea

Front 21

How does archaea bacteria differ from eubacteria?

Back 21

Its cell membrane is structurally different and simpler than eubacteria, it has simpler ribosomes, and found in extreme environments that are mainly anaerobic.

Front 22

What are the 5 different types of Archaea bacteria?

Back 22

- pressure tolerant
- thermophiles
- extreme halophiles
- pH tolerant
- methanogens

Front 23

Where are pressure tolerant bacteria found?

Back 23

deep in the ocean floor in deep sea vents

Front 24

How can bacteria survive in deep sea vents?

Back 24

Volcanic gases up through vents, heat water, disperse nutrients (sulfur and phosphorous), archaea use these nutrients

Front 25

Where are thermophiles found?

Back 25

in hot springs; they can survive in extremely hot environments by living off of sulfur

Front 26

Where are extreme halophiles found?

Back 26

very salty water like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

Front 27

Where are pH tolerant bacteria found?

Back 27

very low pH (<1) like a bog

Front 28

Where are methanogens found?

Back 28

in bogs and bottom of swamps where they can live on methane

Front 29

What 3 shapes do Eubacteria come in?

Back 29

cocci (circular)
bacilli (rod-shaped)
spirilli (squiggly)

Front 30

What does "strepto" mean?

Back 30

string

Front 31

What does "staphylo" mean?

Back 31

ring

Front 32

Describe a bacterium.

Back 32

-has cytoplasm, ribosomes, 1 chromosome, plasma membrane, and no organelles

Front 33

What is the cell wall of a bacterium made of?

Back 33

a polysaccharide and a protein OR a lipid

Front 34

In a bacterium, what is outside of the cell wall?

Back 34

a capsule

Front 35

What are the pili on bacterium for?

Back 35

- to help attach bacterium to substrate
- involved in sexual reproduction (conjugation)

Front 36

How can one figure out if peptidoglycan is gram positive or gram negative?

Back 36

gram positive stains purple and gram negative does not

Front 37

How does bacteria reproduce?

Back 37

- binary fission
- recombinant bacteria

Front 38

What are the 3 types of recombinant bacteria?

Back 38

1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugation

Front 39

Describe transformation.

Back 39

living bacteria picks up DNA of dead bacterium and incorporates it into DNA

Front 40

Describe transduction

Back 40

same as transformation except that transfer is done by a virus

Front 41

Describe conjugation.

Back 41

2 bacteria form a bridge made of pili and homologous pieces of DNA travel across bridge, sometimes exchange plasmids; (+) and (-) bacteria needed for "reproduction"

Front 42

Describe cyanobacteria.

Back 42

- Has chlorophyll a
- no chloroplastas
- secondary photosynthetic pigments (usually blue)
- most have gas vacuoles

Front 43

What do cyanobacteria use the gas vacuoles for?

Back 43

to make themselves heavier or lighter

Front 44

What are the 5 metabolic/ecological roles of Eubacteria?

Back 44

1. decomposers (Schizophyta)
2. autotrophs (cyanophyta)
3. symbiants (+, -, 0)
4. pathogen (neg. symbiant)
5. chemosynthesis (break down other organic materials)

Front 45

What is nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Back 45

Bacteria that nitrogen from atmosphere and converts it to ammonia and another group converts it to nitrogen that we can use.

Front 46

Where are nitrogen-fixing bacteria found?

Back 46

in soil and root nodules of legumes