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40 Cards in this Set

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Viruses (def and classificiation)
obligate intracellular parasites- not cells have no nuclues oganelles, not living things
virion
complete virus particle----consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA enclosed in coat of protein called capsid
3 possible Hosts for animal viruses
the right animal (suitable/ species), embryonated eggs, tissue (cell) cultures -in monolayers of cells or plaques localized area)
embryonated egg process
want a living embryo, insert virus into chorioallantoic membrane
polio virus
grows using plaques, john ender developed the culture method, jonas saulk vaccine
Hosts for bacteriophages
usually cultivated in broth or agar cultures of suitable, young, actively growing bacteria
Plaques
area of dead cells on plate where does virus form--on plaque directly
hosts for plant viruses
plant tissue cultures: necrotic lesions (dead regions) (can happen genetically or infection--ex tulip white plant pattern) plant protoplast culture
Main structural components of a virus
nucleocapsid, capsid, envelope (some)
nucleocapsid
nucleic acid held w/in protein coat
capsid of a virus
protein coat surrounding viral genome, protects genome, aids in transfer, protomers/capsomers (fingers on hand if hand is capsid) are protein subunits making up a capsid
viron's envelope
some virions have an envelope enclosing capsid, spikes on outer membrane usually enzymes--hijack host membrane, have nucleic acid core
morphological types of viruses
polyomavirus --(a bunch of diamonds) icosahedral, helical, complex, envelopes, tubulovirus
herpes virus is a morpholical example of
envelope with polyomavirus inside
Helical Capsids
has RNA twisting in strand up and shapped like hollow tubes with protein walls
icosahedral capsids
regular polyhedron with 20 eauilateral triangular faces
Influenza virus strains (bird and swine numbers) tamiflu inhibits, host options, ID
bird h5n1, swine h1n1, tamiflue inhibts neuraminidase, birds, pigs, humans, ID by proteins on diff strains and variable Amino acids, usually can't cross species, some with mixed genetic info can
Viruses with Capsids of Complex Symmetry
Binal symmetry –
having both icosahedral
and helical symmetry
Classification of Bacteriophages based on 2 criteria
morphology and nucleic acid properties
What are the major phage families ang genera based on for classification
genetic info: 2 types: DNA RNA (dsDNA, ssDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA)
Reproduction of Double stranded DNA phages is known as
Lytic sycle
Lytic cylce def
phage life cycle that culminates with host cell bursting, releasing virions
attachement/aka adsorption in the lytic cycle
where specific coding comes into pay. receptor sites specific surfae for each virus, can be proteins, lipopolysaccharides, techpic acids
lytic cycle
dna injection into host cell, early mRNA made and host dna degraded, phage dna made, late RNA made heads and tails made, heads of virons filled, virons formed, host cell lysis (what kills host cell). host cell zombie like not cellular genetic info remains
synthesis of phage nucleic acids and proteins
sequential: early mRNA synthesis, synthesis of proteins that enable t4 to take over host cell, phage dna replication, late mRNA synthesis--encoding capsid proteins and others for assembly
Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny def
nonlytic (infect but not kill) relationship between a phage and its host (host cell can still reproduce)
usually involves integration of phage genome into host DNA
temperate phages
phages able to establish lysogeny, the type of phage that can do lysogeny: temperate virus
Lysogenic conversion
change in host phenotype induced by lysogeny: making a bacteria that's usually not harmful into a lysogen
Bacteria that undergo lysogenic conversion
salmonella modifed, corynebacterium diphtheriae---toxin genes in the temperate phage ---diphtheria toxin
does the lytic cycle occur in lysogens
yes, has to occur in order for them to reproduce
Classification of Animal viruses most important criteria
morphology nucleic acid properties genetic relatedness---determined by numerous techniques, including sequencing data and nucleic acid hybridization
classification by 4 combination potentials
single, double, enveloped, or naked.. then capsid symmetry important
RNA viruses classification
double, single, negative possitive. possitive (5-3 prime) and negative (3-5 prime)
reproductive process of animal viruses
similar to bacteriophages--lytic lysogenic states, steps: adsorption, penetration and uncoating, replication of virus nucleic acids, synthesis and assembly of virions, release
Humans are/ aren't lysogenic
humans are walking lysogens ex: chicken pox, shingles (cell never being able to get rid of genetic info still in our cells)
adsorption of virions
specific protein and enzyme surface receptros in spec host
Penetration and Uncoating
one of two mechanisms used by most viruses fusion of envelope with host membrane
endocytosis in some cases only nucleic acid enters host cell
HIV virus facts
immune cells (T-helper cells) CD4 protein recognized with bonding and specific attachment, CCRS receptors, and macrophage all get infected, so weakens and hijakes immune system cells
process of endocytosis
enveloping virus, creates double cell membrane by host and vesicle and absorption, naked part of virus comes out and release genetic info in capsid form
endocytosis for nake virus
same idea as enveloped one just no double membrande