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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RNA Viruses
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more dangerous because they don't have an enzyme checker
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Viruses
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Can infect other kingdoms
RNA and DNA forms Named by Family; not a proper binomial system; pseudoscience |
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Naked Virions
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Almost indestructible, except by radiation and analog drugs
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Virion
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Composed of protein Capsid made up of Capsomeres with dna or rna inside; some have plasma-membrane like envelopes and some contain 1-2 enzymes
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Replication of Phages
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Absorption: chemical attraction and attachment of host at specific receptor sites
Penetration: lysozyme in phage tail weakens bacterial cell walls, core of phage injects viral genome into host and capsid remains outside Synthesis: phage genome takes control and begin transcription of viral genome Maturation: Synthesis of phage is completed in cytoplasm and then packed into the structure. other parts are added until a mature phage is created. Release: the enzyme lysozome coded for by the phage gene, breaks down the phage to escape = lysis/lytic cycle |
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Replication of DNA Viruses
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Absorption: chemical attraction and attraction to host
Penetration: both capsid and viral genome enter the host cell; naked viruses enter by endocytosis; enveloped viruses usually fuse with host membrane; then UNCOATING occurs Synthesis: Virus genes take control and DNA viruses replicate their genome in the host cytoplasm and then move into nucleus to form Virions. (exception = Pox, does this in cytoplasm) Maturation: Synthesis of virus is in cytoplasm for Pox, Polio and Picornaviruses, in the nucleus for Adenoviruses, and HIV its at the host cell plasma membrane Release: most virions bud through the host cell membrane; may kiss the cell; lysis usually produces the clinical symptoms of disease |
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Growing Bacteriophage
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Added to plates with bacterial lawns
looking for "plaques" |
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Tissue Culture/Cell Culture
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Viruses are grown on host cells that are attached to plastic flasks in "monolayers" which are bathed with nutrient fluids usually containing antibiotics to control bacterial contamination
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Primary Cell Culture
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Come directly from the animal and are NOT subcultured
Usually from very young animals and they only divide about 3 times before dying. Usually muscle or epithelial cells Primary cells that are repeatedly subcultured become dominated by one STRAIN genetically identical |
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Diploid Fibroblast Strains
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usually from fetal collagen or dermis used for vaccines
Divide forever |
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Continuous Cell lines
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Type of Cell Culture
Usually derived from Cancer tissue/tumors and will divide forever they are immortal and do not age heteroploid genetically diverse with differing numbers of chromosomes per cell! |
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Teratrogens
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Viruses that cause birth defects
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Torch Series
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blood test for mothers to detect for birth defects/Teratrogenic viral infection
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CPE: cytopathic effect
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Visible effect of viral infection on a host cell
Observational often diagnostic Rabies = Negri Bodies HIV = Syncytia Adeno and Herpes = Swelled, bubbling Giant cells Paramyxo = multinucleate Picorna = slowed growth Transformation to neoplasty |
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Herpes
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Linear DS DNA
enveloped Herpes means "to creep" Most animals have a type 100 dif Latency - reappears over and over 3 kinds in humans Different arrangement of 8 genes = dif. diseases in Man |
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Herpes Classification
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Alpha
*Herpes I *Herpes II *Varicella/Zoster Beta Gamma Unclassified |
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Herpes I
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subtype of Alpha Herpes
Oral/genital herpes & encephalitis Often called fever blisters cold sores slightly less contagious as adult |
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Herpes II
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subtype of Alpha Herpes
genital/oral herpes & meningo-encephalitis (VERY contagious) |
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Varicella/Zoster
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Subtype of Alpha Herpes
Chickenpox and SHingles |
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Beta Herpes
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Cytomegalovirus the Teratogenic Herpes
Acute Febrile Illness of the Newborn and CMV in AIDS patients |
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Gamma Herpes
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Epstein-Barr Virus or the Cancer Herpes
Burkitts Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, B Cell Lymphomas Mononucleosis (not cancer) but related to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |
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Unclassified Herpes
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HSV-8 causes Koposi's Sarcoma and is in 70%; spread by kissing
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Herpes Treatment
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No Cure
Detect early symptoms (hides in nerve ganglia of the lower back and upper legs; numbness/tingling) Use condoms (only 75% effective for Herpes prevention 2 treamtents combine or modify as needed 1)nutritional/psychological *avoid stress! triggered by sunburn, fever, etc Add L-Lysine to diet (dark green veggies) Remove L-arginine (coffee, nuts, caffeine, tea, chocolate) 2) drug treatment *Acyclovir or other Gancyclovir other similar analogs |
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HPV = Human Papilloma Virus
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Genital warts/cervical cancer
Freezing/burning traps virus in cells Often hidden in women detected by PAP smear Condom helps, female condom better Common in sexually active men but few/no symptoms laryngeal papillomatosis in new borns in active cases during birth 75% of sexually active women! 10% will develop precancerous change in their cervical tissue (dysplasia) |
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HPV Types 16 and 18
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Most often related to cervical cancer
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HPV
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A group of more than 70 viruses which cause infection in the human body
Causes genitals warts Sexually transmitted types: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 35 Of the small percentage of ppl who go on to develop cancer, the progression can take anywhere between 5 and 30 years Genital HPV = most common STI, more than 40 types that can affect males and females. Can also affect mouth/throat HPV most often passed during genital contact, usually during vaginal and anal sex. Can be passed during oral sex. even when asymptomatic. In 90% of cases, the body clears HPV naturally within two years |
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HPV Strains 6 and 11
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most commonly involved in sexually transmitted infections
GENITAL WARTS!!! Genital Warts will not turn into cancer the types of HPV that cause genital warts are different than the types that will cause cancer Can be removed |
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HPV Types:
16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 |
Most commonly associated with Cervical and Rectal Cancer
HPV Dna test can detect HPV on a woman's Cervix; can be used in conjunction with PAP to detect HPV Detecting anal and penile cancer: There is an anal pap smear but it not routine Detecting head and neck cancer: there is no approved method of detection Cervical cancer is easiest female cancer to prevent |
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HPV Vaccines
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Cervarix (females) and Gardasil (males and females)
Gardasil protects against Warts Cervarix protects against Cervical cancer Vaccines do not protect against ALL cervical cancers, so every woman needs to get frequent PAP screening Given in 3 doses over 6 months period |
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Juvenile Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
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Very rarely, a pregnant woman with genital HPV can can pass HPV to her baby through labor
C-sections are not recommended bcuz there is no evidence that it prevents juvenile RRP |
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Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
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Rarely, certain types of HPV can cause warts in the throat
RRP Can sometimes block the airway and cause a hoarse voice or labored breathing. adults or children Can be treated with surgery or medicines. It can sometimes take many treatments or surgeries over a period of years |
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The HPV Test
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Checks for the virus that can cause the cell changes on the cervix.
IT may be used to screen for cervical cancer, with the PAP test, on women 30 years or older. It may be used to provide more information when a PAP has unclear results |
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Abnormal cells on pap
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can become normal over time, but they can also develop into cervical cancer.
if they remain abnormal, these cells can usually be treated to prevent cancer from developing. This may depend on the severity of the cell changes, and past medical history. Critical to follow up with doctor! |
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2008 Nobel Prize
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for physiology or medicine:
split among three ppl Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barr-Sinoussi = discovered the virus that caused AIDS Harald zur Hausen = identified HPV as cause of Cervical cancer |
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Hanta Virus Pulmonary Syndrome
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RNA SS- Bunyvirus
discovered in late 90s EMERGING Virus due to global warming of environment Once called 4 Corners Disease Navaho Lore "Bad Wives" Carried by Deere Mouse in urine on dust that we breath in kills in days death is from human immune response common to LA and all over Southern USA and northern Mexico treatable if diagnose early, but easily missed may have changed history of England Argentine strain passes from person to person |
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Lassa Fever
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Hemorrhagic Virus
RNA SS adenavirus passed by rodent urine |
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Ebola
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Hemorrhagic Virus
filovirus |
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Hepatitis
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Different diseases caused by totally different viruses
Common is that they all infect the liver Hep A, B, C, D, E, G |
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Hep A
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RNA SS
Contaminated food or water oral, fecal jaundice, fever, dark urine vaccine available immunity after illness |
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Hep B
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DNA DS
blood borne hep Jaundice, fever transmitted like HIV most have immunity after illness, some become carrier status Vaccine is available |
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Hep C
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RNA SS+
very serious leading cause of transplants 20% transmitted by microscopic drops of blood, sharing razor, toothbrush, kissing, jaundice, fever chronic and carriers diagnoses by elevated Alanine Transferease levels in blood no immunity 20 % = cancer |
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Hep D
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Needs Hep B;
deadly (Viroid?) Hep B vaccine prevents Hep D |
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Hep E
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RNA virus
waterborne worse in pregnant women mostly in Asia NO immunity not chronic |
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Hep G
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SS RNA
fecal-oral & water carriers and chronic |
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Influenza A
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Asian Flu
Most dangerous birds, horses, pigs, humans 8 segments SS RNA - enveloped SPIKES |
