Virology Iii

Front 1

what is syncytia?

Back 1

cell fusion

Front 2

how does plaque form?

Back 2

it starts with a single infected cell with uninfected neighbors who then releases the viruse upon cytopathic effect upon its uninfected neighbors. The continued replication and cell death creates a plaque or "hole" in the layer of cells.

Front 3

what is the cytopathic effect?

Back 3

refers to degenerative changes in cells, especially in tissue culture, and may be associated with the multiplication of certain viruses.

Front 4

what does seeing a plaque formation confirm?

Back 4

that multiple rounds of infection have occured

Front 5

what type of proteins are recognized by antibodies of a budding virus that leads to cell lysis?

Back 5

surface proteins

Front 6

what type of protein is present to the immune system in both budding and non-budding viruses that will lead to cell lysis?

Back 6

internal viral proteins

Front 7

what two genes (in relation to the oncogenic viruses) will cause a promotion of cell growth?

Back 7

original viral oncogene and a mutated cellular gene (usually a retrovirus)

Front 8

what 2 things does the promotion of cell growth in a oncogenic virus? One of these leads leads to viral replication, which one is it?

Back 8

expression of cellular DNA polymerase and perpetuation of viral genome; expression of cellular DNA polymerase

Front 9

what are the three steps involved in the shut-down of host protein synthesis by viruses?

Back 9

1) more protein synthesis machinery available for the production of viral proteins
2) blocks cell presentation of viral proteins to immune system
3) blocks production of anti-viral proteins

Front 10

what is an interferon?

Back 10

an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus

Front 11

what are the three categories of interferons?

Back 11

alpha, beta and gamma

Front 12

what is the principal source of an alpha interferon? what is it's mechanism of action?

Back 12

leukocytes; inhibits protein synthesis

Front 13

what is the principal source of a beta interferon? what is it's mechanism of action?

Back 13

Fibroblasts or epithelial cells; inhibits protein synthesis

Front 14

what is the principal source of a gamma interferon? what is it's mechanism of action?

Back 14

T cells or NK cells; immune modulation

Front 15

what are the 10 generalized entry/exit paths for viruses and other pathogens?

Back 15

nose, mouth, conjunctive, scratch/injury, capillary, skin, anus, urogenital tract, alimentary tract and respiratory tract

Front 16

what acts as the gate in which most. all pathogens must pass in the respiratory tract? what other system is this similar to?

Back 16

tonsils; GALT- gut associated lymphatic tissue

Front 17

which section of the GI tract is covered pin a mucous layer?

Back 17

lower GI tract (intestines)

Front 18

what is secreted by GALT?

Back 18

IgA

Front 19

what is primary viremia?

Back 19

A term for the initial entry of virus into the blood stream.

Front 20

where is the final resting spot for viruses like varicella, measles and rubella? Can they replicate there?

Back 20

nasal and oral mucous membranes; yes

Front 21

what is the final resting spot for the herpes zoster virus? Can it replicate there? does it shed?

Back 21

skin; yes; yes

Front 22

what is the final resting spot for the poliovirus, rabies and measles (SSPE)? Can it replicate there? Does it shed?

Back 22

brain; yes; no

Front 23

what are the three final resting spot for the mumps and CMV? Can it replicate there? does it shed?

Back 23

lung, salivary glands and kidneys; yes; yes

Front 24

what are the five possible resting spots for the measles? which one doesn't shed?

Back 24

nasal and oral mucous membranes, brain, lung, salivary glands, or kidneys; brain (measles SSPE- subacute scleosing panencephalitis)

Front 25

what four organs/ structures are included in the reticuloendothelium system?

Back 25

bone marrow, liver, spleen, and blood vessels

Front 26

starting with the initial site of infection, how does the virus progress through the body to end at its final resting spot?

Back 26

it travels through the lymph node into the blood (primary viremia) into the reticuloendothelial system. From there, it enters the blood (secondary viremia) and then to its final resting spot.

Front 27

which 2 viruses sheds after undergoing secondary viemia?

Back 27

Hepatitis B and arboviruses

Front 28

what is viral shedding?

Back 28

refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host-cell infection caused by virus progeny

Front 29

what two epithelium are damaged by disease processes?

Back 29

respiratory and intetsinal

Front 30

what do disease processes predispose the body to?

Back 30

bacterial superinfections

Front 31

Where do disease processes direct damage to?

Back 31

tussues/organs by CPE

Front 32

what does direct viral CPE (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element) cause?

Back 32

loss of cell that cannot be replaed such as neurons

Front 33

when damage to the respiratory epithelium is occurring, what three things amass in the airways?

Back 33

trasudates/exudates, infiltrating immmune cells, and dead epithelial cells.

Front 34

define transudate/exudate.

Back 34

exude: release (a liquid) in drops or small quantities; "exude sweat through the pores"

Front 35

how does the virus in the respiratory epithelium help spread infection?

Back 35

via the release of progeny virions into mucous layer covering infected cells and actions of cilia

Front 36

when substances amass in airways, what three things can that lead to? (hint: two feed-back mechanisms)

Back 36

airway blockage, hypoxia, and acidosis

Front 37

what can damage to intestinal epithelium cause?

Back 37

loss of absorptive cells and nutrient uptake. This can lead to diarrhea.

Front 38

what can the virus do that will cause the body to be predisposed to bacterial superinfection?

Back 38

loss of mucous produing goblet cells and/or ciliated epithelia reduce expulsion of bacterial flora

Front 39

T/F
peptide sequences in viral proteins are similar or identical to sequences in cellular proteins.

Back 39

True

Front 40

what is the autoimmunity (molecular mimicry) dependent upon?

Back 40

host MHC subtypes (major histocompatibility complex)

Front 41

what specific cells does HIV infect?

Back 41

CD4+ T cells

Front 42

what two viruses secrete cytokines to skew an immune response?

Back 42

pox viruses and herpes viruses

Front 43

what are the two methods of immune suppression by viruses?

Back 43

infection and killing of immune cells and secretion of immune modifying products.