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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is positive sense RNA?
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Viral RNA that can be used as mRNA
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What is negative sense RNA?
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Viral RNA the is complientary to mRNA and needs virion associated RNA-dependant RNA polymerase
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What are the arboviruses?
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Togavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus
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Viruses inactivated by heat, detergents and solvents
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Enveloped viruses
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Viruses that can't be inactivated by heat, detergents and solvents
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Naked viruses
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How do dsDNA viruses make mRNA?
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Negative strand of genome serves a template for mRNA. No intermediate.
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How do retroviruses make mRNA?
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mRNA is transcribed from dsDNA intermediate.
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How do +RNA viruses make mRNA?
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Through a -RNA intermediate
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How do -RNA viruses make mRNA?
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RNA is template for +mRNA without intermediate
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What are the killed vaccines?
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Rabies, Influenza, Polio (Salk), A hepatitis. "RIP Always"
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What are the live vaccines?
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Mumps, Rubella, Varicella-Zoster, Measles, Adenovirus, Polio (Sabin), Small Pox, Yellow Fever. "Mr. V.Z. Mapsy"
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What are the DNA virus families?
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Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Parvo, Pox, Papova. "HHAPPPy"
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What are the naked virus families?
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Calicivirus, PEeCoRnA virus, Reovirus, Parvo, Adeno, Papilloma, Polyoma. "Naked CPR and PAPP smear"
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What are the +RNA virus families?
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Calici, PEeCoRnA, Flavi, Toga, Corona, Retro. "Call Pico and Flava To Come Rap"
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What are the -RNA virus families?
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PaRaMyxo, Rhabdo, Arena, Filo, Orthomyxo, Bunya, Delta. "Para Rabiar in the Arena, Fill or Buny"
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Characteristics of DNA viruses
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All dsDNA (except parvo); All linear (except papova, hepadna); Icosahedral (except pox); Replicate in the nucleus (except pox); All naked (except herpes, hepadna, pox)
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Characteristics of Herpesviruses
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Enveloped, dsDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus, intranuclear inclusion bodies and latency
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Characteristics of hepadnaviruses
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Enveloped, dsDNA, circular, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
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Characteristics of adenovirus
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Naked, dsDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
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Characteristics of Parvovirus
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Naked, ssDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
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Characteristics of Papovavirus
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Neaked, dsDNA, circular, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
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Characteristics of Poxvirus
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Enveloped, dsDNA, linear, complex, replicates in cytoplasm (DNA-dependant RNA polymerase)
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Characteristics of Caliciviruses
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Non-enveloped, +ssRNA, linear, icosahedral
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Characteristics of PEeCoRnA viruses
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Non-enveloped, +ssRNA, linear, icosahedral
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What are the Herpes viruses?
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HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-8
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What are the PEeCoRnA viruses?
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Polio, Echo, Coxsackie, Rhino, Hep A. "PEeCoRnAvirus"
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What are the Caliciviruses?
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HEV, Norwalk
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What are the Reoviruses?
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Reovirus, Rotavirus
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What are the Flaviviruses?
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HCV, yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus
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What are the Togaviruses?
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Rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis
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What are the Retroviruses?
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HIV, HTLV
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What are the Orthomyxoviruses?
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Influenza
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What are the Paramyxoviruses?
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Parainfluenza, RSV, Rubeola (Measles), Mumps. "PaRaMyxovirus"
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What are the Rhabdoviruses?
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Rabies
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What are the Filoviruses?
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Ebola
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Pathogenesis of Parvovirus B19
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Infects immature erythroid progenitors resulting in lysis. May cause aplastic crisis in sickle-cell anemia.
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Pathogenesis of HSV
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Infects epithelial cells with formation of vesicles. Establishes latent infection in the ganglion. Reactivation with stress.
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Pathogenesis of VZV
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Respiratory tract --> local lymph node --> primary viremia --> spleen and liver --> secondary viremia --> skin rash --> latency in dorsal root ganglia --> reactivation due to stress causes vesicular lesions and severe nerve pain
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Pathogenesis of EBV
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Infects nasopharynx, salivary and lymphoid tissue --> latent infection in B cells via CD21 receptor --> production of atypical T lymphocytes with heterophile antibodies
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Pathogenesis of CMV
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Infects salivary epithelial cells and latency in mononuclear cells (Owl eye inclusions)
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Pathogenesis of Polio virus
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Destroys anterior horn motor neurons
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Pathogenesis of Rabies virus
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Binds peripheral nerves via nicotinic Ach receptor --> retrogrande transport to dorsal root ganglia --> brain
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Pathogenesis of Influenza virus
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Hemaglutinin binds sialic acid on epithelium, hemagglutinates RBCs and induces antibodies. Neuroaminidase cleaves sialic acid with release of virus. Mutations of HA and NA cause genetic drift and epidemics. Genetic reassortment causes genetic shift and pandemics.
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Diseases caused by Parvovirus B19
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Erythema infectiosum (raised indurated "slapped cheek" facial rash). Hydrops fetalis and spontaneous abortions.
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Diseases caused by HPV
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Common warts (2, 4); Plantar warts (1); Condylomata acuminata; Benign genital warts (6, 11)(90%); Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (16, 18). Find koilocytic cells in biopsy or PAP. DNA probes and PCR to determine strain.
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Diseases caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2
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Gingivostomatitis and cold sores (latent in trigeminal mucosa); Painful genital vesicles (latency in sacral ganglia); Keratoconjunctivitis; Meningoencephalitis (focal temporal lessions); Neonatal herpes (passage through birth canal, disseminated, liver and encephalitis involvement). Tzanck smear shows multinucleated giant cells.
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Chickenpox
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VZV. Fever, pharyngitis, asynchronous rash.
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Shingles
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VZV. Pain and vesicles restricted to one dermatome in the 5th or 6th decade. Reactivation of latent infection.
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Heterophile+ mononucleosis
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EBV. Generalized teder lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly with latency in B cells. Atypical lymphocytes and heterophile antibodies that agglutinate cow and sheep RBCs.
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Malignancies by EBV
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Burkitt's lymphoma: t(8:14) mandible or abdomen; Hodgkin lymphoma; Nasopharyngeal CA.
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Heterophile- mononucleosis
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CMV. Generalized tender lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, Owl-eye inclusions
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Cytomegalic inclusion disease
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CMV. MC in-utero infection in US. Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytic purpura, pneumonitis, CNS damage
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CMV infections in immunocompromised
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Interstitial pneumonitis, systemic infection in AIDS and transplant patients. CMV retinitis in AIDS patients.
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Roseola
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HHV-6. Fever for 3-5 days followed by a non-pruritic maculopapular rash in the trunk.
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Kaposi sarcoma
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Malignancy of epithelial cells caused by HHV-8 which has a gene that turns on VEGF. Seen in AIDS.
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Diseases caused by adenovirus
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ARD and pneumonia in military recruits, college students associated to crowded quarters. Non-purulent pharyngoconjunctivitis (swimmers, sore throat coryza, red eyes) and keratoconjunctivitis (shipyard workers)
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Diseases caused by Poxviruses
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Variola (prodrome followed by synchronous rash and guarnieri intracytoplasmic inclussions); Molluscum contagiosum (umbilicated warts).
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Diseases caused by Norwalk virus
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Acute gastroenteritis. Watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Associated to outbreak in cruise ships.
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Polio
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Destroys anterior horn motor neurons. Flaccid paralysis without sensory loss. Live vaccine (Sabin), killed vaccine (Salk)
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Diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses
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Aseptic meningitis, herpangina, myocarditis. Associated with type I DM and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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MCC common cold
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Rhinovirus, followed by coronavirus.
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Infectious hepatitis
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HAV. Fever, malaise, headache, vomiting, coluria, jaundice.
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Culex mosquito
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SLE, WNV.
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Aedes mosquito
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Dengue, YFV
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Dengue
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Fever, myalgia, arthralgia, petechiae, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia.
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Yellow fever
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Fever, jaundice, balck vomit
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Causes of encephalitis
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SLE, WNV, EEE, WEE, VEE, CMV
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Causes of asceptic meningitis
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Coxsackie
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German measles
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Rubella. Erythematous maculopapular rash from face to torso. No koplik spots.
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SARS
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SARS-CoV. Atypical pneumonia with dry cough, dyspnea, hypoxia, acute respiratory distress. Travel to Far East or Toronto.
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AIDS gag gene
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Encodes p24 capsid protein and p17 matrix protein
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AIDS pol gene
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Encodes reverse transcriptase (genetic dirft of env gp), integrase (integrates DNA into genome), protease
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AIDS env gene
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Encodes gp160 which is cleaved to gp120 (binds CD4, CCR5, CXCR4) and gp41 (viral fusion)
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AIDS tat gene
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Upregulates transcription
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Life cycle of AIDS virus
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gp120 binds CD4/CCR5/CXCR4; endocytosis into cell looses envelope; dsDNA is synthesized by reverse transcriptase in cytoplasm; the DNA and integrase move into nucleous and incorporated into host genome forming provirus; transcription and translation; virus assembly and release taking host cell membrane and viral glycoproteins
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Homozygous CCR5 mutation
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Immune to HIV infection
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Heterozygous CCR5 mutation
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Slow course of AIDS
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CXCR1 mutation
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Rapid progression to AIDS
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Symptomatic HIV infections
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Bacillary angiomatosis, oral or vulvovaginal candidiasis, cervical dysplasia, hairy leukoplakia, ITP, listeriosis, PID, peripheral neuropathy
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AIDS-defining conditions
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Encephalopathy, recurrent pneumonia, fungal infections, esophageal or lung candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumoccystis jiroveci pneumonia, Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, CMV retinitis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium TB or avium
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AIDS infections with <400 CD4
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Oral thrush, tinea pedis, shingles, TB, bacterial infections
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AIDS infections with <200 CD4
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Cryptosporidiosis, isosporidiosis, coccidiodomycosis, pneumocystis jiroveci
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AIDS infections with <100 CD4
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Candida esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
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AIDS infections with <50 CD4
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CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated M. avium, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
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Measles
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Cough, coryza, conjunctivits, photophobia, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash from face down. Complication: SSPE
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Mumps
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Bilateral parotitis, fever, headache, swelling or parotids. Complications: pancreatitis, orchitis, infertility
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Croup
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Parainfluenza. Barking cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness.
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MCC pneumonia in children 1m-18yr
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Atypical pneumonia by RSV.
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Rabies
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Hydrophobia, seizures, hallucinations, coma, death. Associated with bat or dog bites. Negri bodies.
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Influenza
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Fever, chills, bronchiolitis, vomiting, croup, pneumonia. Can lead to Reye or Guillain-Barre.
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MCC of infantile gastroenteritis
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Rotavirus
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Viral genetics: phenotypic masking
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Two virus infect a cell. The surface proteins of one virus (A) coat the genome of the other (B). The surface proteins of A determine infectivity while the viral progeny will have the genome of B.
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Viral genetics: recombination
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Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes
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Viral genetics: reassortment
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Genetic shift. Two strains of a segmented virus coinfect a cell and recombine to produce a new progeny. Responsible for pandemics.
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Viral genetics: complementation
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One virus with a defective gene is complemented by another virus with working gene after they both coinfect a cell. Example: coinfection with HBV and HDV.
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