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95 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is positive sense RNA?
Viral RNA that can be used as mRNA
What is negative sense RNA?
Viral RNA the is complientary to mRNA and needs virion associated RNA-dependant RNA polymerase
What are the arboviruses?
Togavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus
Viruses inactivated by heat, detergents and solvents
Enveloped viruses
Viruses that can't be inactivated by heat, detergents and solvents
Naked viruses
How do dsDNA viruses make mRNA?
Negative strand of genome serves a template for mRNA. No intermediate.
How do retroviruses make mRNA?
mRNA is transcribed from dsDNA intermediate.
How do +RNA viruses make mRNA?
Through a -RNA intermediate
How do -RNA viruses make mRNA?
RNA is template for +mRNA without intermediate
What are the killed vaccines?
Rabies, Influenza, Polio (Salk), A hepatitis. "RIP Always"
What are the live vaccines?
Mumps, Rubella, Varicella-Zoster, Measles, Adenovirus, Polio (Sabin), Small Pox, Yellow Fever. "Mr. V.Z. Mapsy"
What are the DNA virus families?
Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Parvo, Pox, Papova. "HHAPPPy"
What are the naked virus families?
Calicivirus, PEeCoRnA virus, Reovirus, Parvo, Adeno, Papilloma, Polyoma. "Naked CPR and PAPP smear"
What are the +RNA virus families?
Calici, PEeCoRnA, Flavi, Toga, Corona, Retro. "Call Pico and Flava To Come Rap"
What are the -RNA virus families?
PaRaMyxo, Rhabdo, Arena, Filo, Orthomyxo, Bunya, Delta. "Para Rabiar in the Arena, Fill or Buny"
Characteristics of DNA viruses
All dsDNA (except parvo); All linear (except papova, hepadna); Icosahedral (except pox); Replicate in the nucleus (except pox); All naked (except herpes, hepadna, pox)
Characteristics of Herpesviruses
Enveloped, dsDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus, intranuclear inclusion bodies and latency
Characteristics of hepadnaviruses
Enveloped, dsDNA, circular, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
Characteristics of adenovirus
Naked, dsDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
Characteristics of Parvovirus
Naked, ssDNA, linear, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
Characteristics of Papovavirus
Neaked, dsDNA, circular, icosahedral, replicates in nucleus
Characteristics of Poxvirus
Enveloped, dsDNA, linear, complex, replicates in cytoplasm (DNA-dependant RNA polymerase)
Characteristics of Caliciviruses
Non-enveloped, +ssRNA, linear, icosahedral
Characteristics of PEeCoRnA viruses
Non-enveloped, +ssRNA, linear, icosahedral
What are the Herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-8
What are the PEeCoRnA viruses?
Polio, Echo, Coxsackie, Rhino, Hep A. "PEeCoRnAvirus"
What are the Caliciviruses?
HEV, Norwalk
What are the Reoviruses?
Reovirus, Rotavirus
What are the Flaviviruses?
HCV, yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus
What are the Togaviruses?
Rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis
What are the Retroviruses?
HIV, HTLV
What are the Orthomyxoviruses?
Influenza
What are the Paramyxoviruses?
Parainfluenza, RSV, Rubeola (Measles), Mumps. "PaRaMyxovirus"
What are the Rhabdoviruses?
Rabies
What are the Filoviruses?
Ebola
Pathogenesis of Parvovirus B19
Infects immature erythroid progenitors resulting in lysis. May cause aplastic crisis in sickle-cell anemia.
Pathogenesis of HSV
Infects epithelial cells with formation of vesicles. Establishes latent infection in the ganglion. Reactivation with stress.
Pathogenesis of VZV
Respiratory tract --> local lymph node --> primary viremia --> spleen and liver --> secondary viremia --> skin rash --> latency in dorsal root ganglia --> reactivation due to stress causes vesicular lesions and severe nerve pain
Pathogenesis of EBV
Infects nasopharynx, salivary and lymphoid tissue --> latent infection in B cells via CD21 receptor --> production of atypical T lymphocytes with heterophile antibodies
Pathogenesis of CMV
Infects salivary epithelial cells and latency in mononuclear cells (Owl eye inclusions)
Pathogenesis of Polio virus
Destroys anterior horn motor neurons
Pathogenesis of Rabies virus
Binds peripheral nerves via nicotinic Ach receptor --> retrogrande transport to dorsal root ganglia --> brain
Pathogenesis of Influenza virus
Hemaglutinin binds sialic acid on epithelium, hemagglutinates RBCs and induces antibodies. Neuroaminidase cleaves sialic acid with release of virus. Mutations of HA and NA cause genetic drift and epidemics. Genetic reassortment causes genetic shift and pandemics.
Diseases caused by Parvovirus B19
Erythema infectiosum (raised indurated "slapped cheek" facial rash). Hydrops fetalis and spontaneous abortions.
Diseases caused by HPV
Common warts (2, 4); Plantar warts (1); Condylomata acuminata; Benign genital warts (6, 11)(90%); Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (16, 18). Find koilocytic cells in biopsy or PAP. DNA probes and PCR to determine strain.
Diseases caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2
Gingivostomatitis and cold sores (latent in trigeminal mucosa); Painful genital vesicles (latency in sacral ganglia); Keratoconjunctivitis; Meningoencephalitis (focal temporal lessions); Neonatal herpes (passage through birth canal, disseminated, liver and encephalitis involvement). Tzanck smear shows multinucleated giant cells.
Chickenpox
VZV. Fever, pharyngitis, asynchronous rash.
Shingles
VZV. Pain and vesicles restricted to one dermatome in the 5th or 6th decade. Reactivation of latent infection.
Heterophile+ mononucleosis
EBV. Generalized teder lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly with latency in B cells. Atypical lymphocytes and heterophile antibodies that agglutinate cow and sheep RBCs.
Malignancies by EBV
Burkitt's lymphoma: t(8:14) mandible or abdomen; Hodgkin lymphoma; Nasopharyngeal CA.
Heterophile- mononucleosis
CMV. Generalized tender lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, Owl-eye inclusions
Cytomegalic inclusion disease
CMV. MC in-utero infection in US. Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytic purpura, pneumonitis, CNS damage
CMV infections in immunocompromised
Interstitial pneumonitis, systemic infection in AIDS and transplant patients. CMV retinitis in AIDS patients.
Roseola
HHV-6. Fever for 3-5 days followed by a non-pruritic maculopapular rash in the trunk.
Kaposi sarcoma
Malignancy of epithelial cells caused by HHV-8 which has a gene that turns on VEGF. Seen in AIDS.
Diseases caused by adenovirus
ARD and pneumonia in military recruits, college students associated to crowded quarters. Non-purulent pharyngoconjunctivitis (swimmers, sore throat coryza, red eyes) and keratoconjunctivitis (shipyard workers)
Diseases caused by Poxviruses
Variola (prodrome followed by synchronous rash and guarnieri intracytoplasmic inclussions); Molluscum contagiosum (umbilicated warts).
Diseases caused by Norwalk virus
Acute gastroenteritis. Watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Associated to outbreak in cruise ships.
Polio
Destroys anterior horn motor neurons. Flaccid paralysis without sensory loss. Live vaccine (Sabin), killed vaccine (Salk)
Diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses
Aseptic meningitis, herpangina, myocarditis. Associated with type I DM and dilated cardiomyopathy.
MCC common cold
Rhinovirus, followed by coronavirus.
Infectious hepatitis
HAV. Fever, malaise, headache, vomiting, coluria, jaundice.
Culex mosquito
SLE, WNV.
Aedes mosquito
Dengue, YFV
Dengue
Fever, myalgia, arthralgia, petechiae, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia.
Yellow fever
Fever, jaundice, balck vomit
Causes of encephalitis
SLE, WNV, EEE, WEE, VEE, CMV
Causes of asceptic meningitis
Coxsackie
German measles
Rubella. Erythematous maculopapular rash from face to torso. No koplik spots.
SARS
SARS-CoV. Atypical pneumonia with dry cough, dyspnea, hypoxia, acute respiratory distress. Travel to Far East or Toronto.
AIDS gag gene
Encodes p24 capsid protein and p17 matrix protein
AIDS pol gene
Encodes reverse transcriptase (genetic dirft of env gp), integrase (integrates DNA into genome), protease
AIDS env gene
Encodes gp160 which is cleaved to gp120 (binds CD4, CCR5, CXCR4) and gp41 (viral fusion)
AIDS tat gene
Upregulates transcription
Life cycle of AIDS virus
gp120 binds CD4/CCR5/CXCR4; endocytosis into cell looses envelope; dsDNA is synthesized by reverse transcriptase in cytoplasm; the DNA and integrase move into nucleous and incorporated into host genome forming provirus; transcription and translation; virus assembly and release taking host cell membrane and viral glycoproteins
Homozygous CCR5 mutation
Immune to HIV infection
Heterozygous CCR5 mutation
Slow course of AIDS
CXCR1 mutation
Rapid progression to AIDS
Symptomatic HIV infections
Bacillary angiomatosis, oral or vulvovaginal candidiasis, cervical dysplasia, hairy leukoplakia, ITP, listeriosis, PID, peripheral neuropathy
AIDS-defining conditions
Encephalopathy, recurrent pneumonia, fungal infections, esophageal or lung candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumoccystis jiroveci pneumonia, Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, CMV retinitis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium TB or avium
AIDS infections with <400 CD4
Oral thrush, tinea pedis, shingles, TB, bacterial infections
AIDS infections with <200 CD4
Cryptosporidiosis, isosporidiosis, coccidiodomycosis, pneumocystis jiroveci
AIDS infections with <100 CD4
Candida esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
AIDS infections with <50 CD4
CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated M. avium, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Measles
Cough, coryza, conjunctivits, photophobia, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash from face down. Complication: SSPE
Mumps
Bilateral parotitis, fever, headache, swelling or parotids. Complications: pancreatitis, orchitis, infertility
Croup
Parainfluenza. Barking cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness.
MCC pneumonia in children 1m-18yr
Atypical pneumonia by RSV.
Rabies
Hydrophobia, seizures, hallucinations, coma, death. Associated with bat or dog bites. Negri bodies.
Influenza
Fever, chills, bronchiolitis, vomiting, croup, pneumonia. Can lead to Reye or Guillain-Barre.
MCC of infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Viral genetics: phenotypic masking
Two virus infect a cell. The surface proteins of one virus (A) coat the genome of the other (B). The surface proteins of A determine infectivity while the viral progeny will have the genome of B.
Viral genetics: recombination
Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes
Viral genetics: reassortment
Genetic shift. Two strains of a segmented virus coinfect a cell and recombine to produce a new progeny. Responsible for pandemics.
Viral genetics: complementation
One virus with a defective gene is complemented by another virus with working gene after they both coinfect a cell. Example: coinfection with HBV and HDV.