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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What nucleic acid do paramyxoviruses have?
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negative sense single stranded RNA
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What proteins do the paramyxoviruses have?
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envelope glycoproteins, hemaglutinin, neuraminidase, fusion, matrix, nucleoprotein, transcriptase
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Which proteins mediate attachment with paramyxoviruses?
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hemaglutinin and neuraminidase
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Which protein requires cellular proteolytic cleavage in paramyxoviruses?
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fusion
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How do paramyxoviruses promote cellular spread?
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syncytia
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Are paramyxoviruses enveloped?
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yes
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What is th eshape of paramyxoviruses?
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Pleomorphic
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Where do paramyxoviruses replicate?
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in the cytoplasm in inclusion bodies
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How do paramyxoviruses release out of the cell?
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budding
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What is the tropism for paramyxoviruses?
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Respiratory and GI epithelium and neurons
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Is there vertical transmission of paramyxoviruses?
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Only in bird ova
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What is the immune response to paramyxoviruses?
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Neutralizing antibodies that give partial protection, help decrease viral shedding time. There are secretory antibodies in neonates but they don't help much
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What are the four tropisms of newcastle's disease?
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GI epithelium, pneumotropic, neurotropic, viscerotropic
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What are the two strains of pneumotropic newcastles?
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lentogenic strain (subclinical to mild) and mesogenic (disease with low mortality
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What happens with GI newcastle's?
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F protein is the virulence factor- it is a velogenic disease with high mortality
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What happens with viscerotropic newcastles? Which birds get it?
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Exotic birds. All of their internal organs are attacked. 90% mortality.
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What does newcastles cause in people?
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A flu-like illness
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How is newcastles shed?
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respiratory and orofecal, plus trans-ovarial in the lentigenic form.
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How do you control newcastles?
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Vaccinate for lentigenic and mesogenic forms. Good sanitaion. No black market birds
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What is bovine parainfluenza?
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An acute upper respiratory infection- a paramyxovirus. Part of Shipping Fever complex
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What is bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
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A paramyxovirus of sheep and cows. Mild to severe respiratory disease
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What disease must distemper be distinguished from?
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Infectious canine hepatitis
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What animals get distemper?
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dogs, raccoons, foxes, bears, ferrets, mink
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What kind of virus is distemper?
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a morbillivirus paramyxovirus
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What is the course of distemper?
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primary replication at site of entry (respiratory, macrophages, lymph nodes, pharyngeal lymphoid tissue) then cell associated viremia (in macrophages, lymphocytes- 7-14 days) then system spread and to the CNS
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What organs does distemper effect?
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All of them-PANTROPIC
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What about the immune response with distemper?
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There is a viral-induced immunodeficiency. Less macrophages, lymphoid tissue is infected, there is a hypogammaglobulinemia
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What are the four forms of distemper?
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pulmonary, emteric, neurologic, hard pad (hyperkeratosis)
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What does the neurologic form of distemper do?
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causes acute encephalomyelitis that leads to seizures an ddeath, or a late demyelinating encephalomyelitis then death or an old dog encephalitis "occult" infection
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Does distemper travel by horizontal or vertical infection?
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Horizontal
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What is the vaccine for distemper?
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A heterotropic vaccine- the human measles virus is used. The virus can be shed when using modified live vaccines.
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What was the reservoir in the 2004 Chicago outbreak of distemper?
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Raccoons
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Within the paramyxovirus family, which proteins do the respiroviruses carry?
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H and N
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Within the paramyxovirus family, which proteins do the morbiliviruses carry?
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H
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Within the paramyxovirus family, which proteins do the pneumoviruses carry?
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G
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What kind of nucleic acid do coronaviruses have?
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Positive sense single stranded RNA
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What are the two surface glycoproteins on coronaviruses?
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M:transmembrane protein and S: club shaped protein that sticks out from the peplomers
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What is the S protein for in coronaviruses?
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cell attachment, penetration (fuses with cell membrane), syncytia formation
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Are coronaviruses enveloped?
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yes
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What is the difference between coronavirus and torovirus nucleocapsid?
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Corona is helical, toro is tubular
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Are coronaviruses acid stable?
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Yes, to pH 3
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What protein has to be cleaved by a cellular protease in coronaviruses? Where is it cleaved? What is the effect of this?
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S protein. Cleaved in RER and Golgi. This determines cell tropism and also the sequestered sites of cleavage allow for viral persistence
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How do coronoviruses release?
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By budding.
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What are the tropisms for coronaviruses?
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Respiratory epithelium and GI epithelium, then can travel to other organs via secondary infection and to the CNS via nerve tract migration
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How are coronaviruses transmitted?q
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Only horizontally in respiratory aeorsols and orofecal (HIGH TITERS)
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What is feline enteric coronavirus?
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A ubiquitous mild to severe infection of kittens. (Most severe in kittens less that 12 weeks)
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What is the immune response to feline enteric coronavirus?
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Neutralizing antibodies that don't help much because the virus isn't systemic
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How long is the virus shed in feline enteric coronavirus?
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4 to 26 months-HIGH TITERS
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What is transmissable gastroenteritis virus?
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an economically important disesae of newborn pigs- high mortality. The villi on their small intestines get blunted
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What is bovine coronavirus?
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An economically important acute and self-limiting neonatal diarrhea virus.
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How do you vaccinate against bovine coronavirus?
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Vaccinate the dam- the colostral antibodies will pass to babies
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What is the mortality rate of avian infectious brochitis virus?
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75%
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What is the tropism of avian infectious bronchitis virus?
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tracheal epithelium- causes "gasping disease"
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What other organs are effected in avian infectious bronchitis virus?
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lungs, kidneys, ovaries, lymphoid tissue. Causes a persistent infection and immune complex disease
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What is th edeal with vaccines for avian infectious bronchitis virus?
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You can get a vaccine tailor made for your serotype (since there are 8)
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Why is avian infectious bronchitis virus bad?
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It is very easily transmitted horizontally, causes high mortality, causes immune complex disease and a persistent infection
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What virus mutates into FIP?
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Feline enteric coronavirus
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What is the tropism of FIP?
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Macrophages
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Why is FIP unusual for a corona virus?
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It can replicate in macrophages so can go systemic.
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What are the target organs of FIP?
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Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, eyes
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What kind of antibodies are produced in response to FIP infection?
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opsonizing and non-neutralizing
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Why does FIP become a chronic problem?
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Immune complex disease- type 3 hypersensitivity
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Why do you get the wet form of FIP?
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There is a strong humoral immune response with lots of non-neutralizing antibodies, with a WEAK CMI
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How does the type 3 hypersenstivity reaction work in the wet form of FIP?
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The infected cell activates complement which causes macrophages to come, macs secrete TNF alpha and IL-1 that increases vascular permeability, neutrophils come, degranulate and damage the tissues, cause vasculitis and organ damage an dserosal fibrin deposition. You get pleural effusion and death
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Why do you get the dry form of FIP?
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There is a humoral response and a PARTIAL CMI response. The infection is less acute and more insidious. There is a type 4 hypersensitivity producing pyogranulomas
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How is FIP transmitted?
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Horizontally orofecal. Can be in poop for weeks
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How can you prevent spread of FIP?
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Separate kittens from queen at 2-6 weeks
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What is a way to vaccinate against FIP?
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Temperature sensitive mutant vaccine. It stimulate a mucosal humoral response so might avoid systemic antibodies (and type 3 hypersensitivity)
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How do you diagnose FIP?
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IFA for antibodies. IFA of 6400 is suggestive of FIP. FCoV an dFIR antibodies are indistinguishable. DOn't test for FIV antibodies unless there are clinical signs
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Why might antibody titers go down in terminal stages of FIP?
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They might be in the effusion fluid.
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How can you get a definitive diagnosis of FIP when the antibodies are indistinguishable from Feline enteric corona virus?
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Surgical biopsy or necropsy- take a chunk of liver or kidney- enteric corona should not be there!
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What kind of nucleic acid do arteriviruses have?
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positive sense single stranded RNA
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What happens when arteriviruses replicate in the cytoplasm?
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They shut of cellular biosynthesis
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How do arteriviruses get their envelopes?
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By budding from organelles
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How do arteriviruses leave the cell?
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Cytolysis
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What is the tropism of arteriviruses?
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Macrophages
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How are arteriviruses transmitted?
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respiratory exudates and vertically via transplacentally and semen
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How does equine arteritis virus effect mares?
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Abortions
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How does equine arteritis virus effect stallions?
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they stay in a carrier state with th evirus in the semen
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How does equine arteritis virus progress?
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It enters alveolar macrophages, travels to lymphoid tissue, goes viremic then effects the endothelium.
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Which cells of small arteries does equine arteritis virus infect?
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muscle cells
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How do you control equine arteritis virus?
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modified live vaccine for valuable breeding mares, test males, don't vaccinate bc can't tell vaccine antibodies from viral antibodies
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What is the tropism of PRRS?
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macrophages and testicular germ cells
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How is PRRS transmitted?
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Horizontally via respiratory aerosols, contact with aborted tissues and exchange of blood and saliva. Vertically through transplacental and semen
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What kind of nucleic acid do bunyaviruses have?
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Negative sense single stranded RNA, SEGMENTED
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Where do bunyaviruses get their envelope?
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From the golgi
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What is the deal with cache valley virus?
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It's a sheep virus, zoonotic. Causes congentical malformations and low birth rate.
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What are the envelope glycoproteins of togaviruses?
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E1 and E2
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What happens when togaviruses replicate?
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They shut off cellular biosynthesis, which leads to cell death
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What is the tropism of togaviruses?
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neurons
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How are togaviruses transmitted?
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Horizontally- arboviruses! Plus vertically
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What are the mortality levels of togaviruses?
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EEE: 90%, VEE 50-80% WEE 20-40%
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What is the difference between toga and flaviviruses?
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Flavis replicate more slowly in cytoplasm and only partially shut off cellular biosynthesis. Also toga get envelopes from cytoplasmic vesicles, flavi get them from RER.
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What happens to animals infected with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea?
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persistent infection
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what kind of virus is bvd?
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flavivirus pestivirus
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What happens if you are infected with a cytopathic and a non-cytopathic BVD?
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fatal disease
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What is the tropism of BVD?
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lymphoid tissue and mucosal epithelium
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How is BVD transmitted?
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Horizontally. Urogenitally in urine an dsemen, orofecally in enteric disease and respiratory aerosols in enteric disease
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Which type of disease is caused by non-cytopathic BVD?
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mucosal disease
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Which type of disease is caused by cytopathic BVD?
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enteric disease
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When do you get abortions with BVD?
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During the first 90 days of gestation if you have a noncytopathic persistent infection, a cytopathic an dnon-cytopathic co-infection or if the non-cytopathic mutates to cytopathic, or any infection with cytopathic BVD.
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What happens if th efetus gets a persistent BVD infection after birth?
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It remains sero-negative and is a lifelong shedder of noncytopathic BVD.
It will develop mucusal disease after infection with cytopathic BVD |
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If a pregnant cow is infected with noncytopathic BVD over 150 days into gestation what will happen to the calf?
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It will have an immune response and will be a normal calf.
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How do you vaccinate against BVD?
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use modified live vaccine then booster with killed vaccine.
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What kind of virus is hog cholera?
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Flavivirus alphavirus
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Is hog cholera reportable?
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Yes
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What disease is hog cholera antigenically related to?
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BVD
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What is the tropism of hog cholera?
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Reticuloendothelial system and endothelial cells
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What kind of disease is hog cholera?
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Acute febrile hemorrhagic with high mortality
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What happens to piglets infected with hog cholera in utero?
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Die or become persistent shedders when they are born
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Where is hog cholera shed?
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In all secretions and excretions
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What is a potential source of hog cholera?
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garbage feeding
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What kind of virus is west nile?
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flavivirus, alphavirus
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Where is west nile endemic to?
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africa, middle east, southesat asia
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How do you control west nile?
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vector control and inactivated vaccine
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What kind of nucleic acid do reoviruses have?
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Double stranded DNA-segmented
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How is the DNA of reoviruses tricky?
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viral reassortment happens between species within a genus
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Are reoviruses enveloped?
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no
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Are orbiviruses pH stable?
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no, but okay at pH 6-8 an dextremely stable in protein
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Are rotaviruses and orthoreoviruses pHstable?
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Yes, they like the enteric system
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Where is the outer capsid added to reoviruses?
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while free in the cytoplasm or in the RER
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How do reoviruses escape the cell?
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cytolysis
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What is the tropism of reoviruses?
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mucosal epithelium, lymphocytes, neurons.
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What do reoviruses need the host protesase to cleave?
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The outer capsid proteins
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What kind of virus is african horse sickness?
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orbivirus (reovirus)
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What are the two forms of african horse sickness?
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acute- pulmonary from virulent strains or chronic-cardiac from less virulent strains
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What are the signs of pulmonary african horse sickness?
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Foam from teh nose, fluid shifts, shock, colic. Edema in lungs. Petechial hemorrhages. 95% fatal
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What are the signs of cardiac african horse sickness?
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edema of supraorbital fossa, fluid in pericardium, hemorrhage in heart
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What does vaccination have to do with which form of african horse sickness one gets?
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If you are vaccinated for one serotype and are infected with another you'll get the cardiac form
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What is the tropism of african horse sickness?
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lymphoid tissue and reticuloendothelial system
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How is african horse sickness transmitted?
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horizontally via mosquitos (cullicoides)
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What are the reservoirs of african horse sickness?
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mules, donkeys, elephants, zebras, dogs
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Why don't vaccines work well on african horse sickness?
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segmented genome so there are ten serotypes. Also don't use it in America because we don't want to mask any infection
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How do you control african horse sickness?
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mosquito control and tight importation/quaurantine laws
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WHat kind of virus is blue tongue?
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Orbivirus reovirus
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What kind of disease is blue tongue?
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subclinical to acute febrile vascular disease
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What animals get blue tongue?
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sheep, white tailed deer, cattle, goats
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What is the tropism of blue tongue?
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hematopeitic cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells
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What are the lesions associated with blue tongue?
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lesions in oral mucosa, tongue, coronary bands, edema, mucopurulent discharge from nose, fetal abnormalities, cicrulation problems
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What do you have to differentiate blue tongue from?
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foot and mouth
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How is blue tongue transmitted?
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Horizontally by cullicoides and vertically transplacentally and in semen
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What is the morbidity of blue tongue vs mortality?
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80% morbidity vs 50% mortality
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What is milk scours?
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A rotavirus (reovirus)
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What is the tropism of milk scours?
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enteric epithelium
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How long is milk scours incubation period?
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one day!
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Is milk scours pH stable?
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yes. Non-enveloped, stable up to 9 months in environment
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How is milk scours transmitted?
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oral fecal. Animals can shed for months after the clinical signs are gone
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How do you control milk scours?
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sanitation- get rid of all organic matter first- quaternary ammonium, iodophores, personal hygeine, isolate sick animals
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What kind of vaccine do you use for milk scours?
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Oral vaccine for local mucosal immunity. Don't need systemic antibodies, need IgA at the enterocytes
Also increase dam immunity so more colostral antibodies |
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What is the nucleic acid of birnaviruses?
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two double stranded RNA strands
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What is the tropism of birnaviruses?
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pre-b lymphocytes in the bursa of fabricius and macrophages
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What is the best way to stop infectious bursal disease?
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Give birds bursectomy before they get infected.
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What kind of virus is infectious bursal disease?
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avibirnovirus
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What animal has recently been infected with infectious bursal disease?
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antarctic penguins
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How do you control infectious bursal disease?
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vaccinate hen so there are high antibody titers in the yolk
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Are picornaviruses enveloped?
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no
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What is weird about the replication of picronaviruses?
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genome acts as polycistronic mRNA so there is post-translational processing
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What is the tropism of picornaviruses?
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epithelial cells
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What kind of virus is foot and mouth?
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picornavirus- apthovirus
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How many serotypes of foot and mouth are there?
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seven
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What is the tropism of FMD?
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mucosal epithelium
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How is FMD transmitted?
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horizontally via respiratory aerosols over long distances, also via milk, contaminated feed and insemination (iatrogenic)
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What is equine rhinitis A?
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a picronavirus- acute mild upper respiratory disease primarily of young animals.
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Why is swine vesicular disease special?
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It is zoonotic and reportable.
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What kind of virus is swine vesicular disease? And therefore what is it's tropism?
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picornavirus. epithelium
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Are caliciviruses enveloped?
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no
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What is the tropism of caliciviruses?
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mucosal epithelium
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How does the calicivirus positive sense ss RNA replicate?
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first copies to negative sense then makes mRNA from that
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How is calicivirus transmitted?
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respiratory and oral (grooming)
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What kind of virus is vesicular exanthema of swine?
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calicivirus
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What is a reservoir for vesicular exanthema of swine?
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seals
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What must vesicular exanthema of swine be differentiated from?
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FMD and the other vesicular diseases
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How are calves involves in vesicular exanthema of swine?
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they get persistent infections then shed the virus in saliva an dfeces and it is virulent for swine.
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