Veterinary Virology Positive Stranded Rna Viruses

Front 1

What does the "calici" in calicivirus mean?

Back 1

Calici= cup

Front 2

Where do Caliciviruses assemble?

Back 2

In the nucleus (which is unusual for a RNA Virus)

Front 3

What are the clinical signs of Feline Calicivirus infection?

Back 3

URT with oculonasal discharge
Oral ulcers
"Lung and Tongue" to differentiate from FHV
Lameness
Virulent Systemic Dz (emerging, highly virulent)

Front 4

What are the features of Virulent Systemic Dz caused by FCV?

Back 4

Adult cats>kittens
vaccines not protective, different strain for each outbreak, fast replication key to virulence
Fever, SubQ edema, ulcers
Mortality: up to 50%

Front 5

T of F:
FCV infections occur more commonly in single cat homes than in multi-cat homes.

Back 5

False. The more cats=more FCV infection. Quasispecies so reinfection with slightly different viruses occurs.

Front 6

Describe how FCV vaccines are used and their level of protection.

Back 6

Modified-live intranasa:priming kittens, or in face of outbreak
Inactivated: parenteral
Reduces Dz, but doesn't prevent infection
Best response with 2 different virus strains in vaccine to get broad AB response.

Front 7

How can FCV be controlled?

Back 7

Biosecurity
Resistant to most dissinfectants and environment dessication

Front 8

What is the clinical presentation of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Dz Virus?

Back 8

serosanguinous nasal discharge
multiple organ hemorrhages
Hepatic Necrosis
DIC

Front 9

What is the relavence to RHDV to veterinarians in Canada?

Back 9

Emerging Dz of research rabbits (b/c of European type)
Also, used as 'biologic' control of rabbits in Australia

Front 10

What type of virus causes Rabbit Hemorrhagic Dz?

Back 10

Calicivirus

Front 11

What type of virus causes Vesicular Exanthema in swine?

Back 11

Calicivirus

Front 12

What is the importance of Vesicular Exanthema Disease? From what species did it originate and how?

Back 12

DDx is FMD
Currently erradicated
From San Miguel Sea Lions. Carcasses were fed to pigs

Front 13

Describe the clinical signs of Foot and Mouth Dz.

Back 13

vesicles on mouth (salivation), teats, feet
ulcers (when vesicles rupture)
Rapid weight loss because lame and anorexic

Front 14

What samples should you take from suspected FMD animals?

Back 14

Visicular fluid
Epithelium biopsey from lesion margin
Organs (post mortem)

Front 15

What tests are done to confirm FMD?

Back 15

Capture ELISA
VI

Front 16

Can horses get FMD?
What about people?

Back 16

No
Yes, mild flu-like symptoms

Front 17

How is FMD spread?

Back 17

Direct contact (high shedding and long-term carriers)
Airborne
Fomites
Meat and milk

Front 18

How can FMD be controlled?

Back 18

Biosecurity (but shed b/f clinical, spreads rapidly)
Vaccines (not used in some countries b/c of trade issues)
Need group-specific vaccine to be effective

Front 19

How does FMD affect cattle differently than sm. ruminants?

Back 19

Sheep/goats have minimal clinical signs compared to cattle

Front 20

Name the Vesicular Diseases of Swine

Back 20

FMD
Swine Vesicular Dz
Vesicular Stomatitis
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Front 21

Describe the mosquito part of the West Nile Virus cycle

Back 21

virus ingested with blood meal
multiples in gut epithelial cells
leaks from gut, infects salivary glands
virus released with saliva when feeding

Front 22

Describe the birds/mammals part of the West Nile Virus cycle.

Back 22

inoculation by mosquito
replication in skin and L.N.
amplification
viremia
Virus terminated by immune response
OR crosses BBB ->infl'n (leaky caps) ->neuron and glial cell damage

Front 23

What are the most common clinical signs of WNV in horses?

Back 23

Flu-like signs
Ataxia
Depression
Hind Limb weakness
Muscle tremmors
Mortality (10-50%)

Front 24

How is WNV diagnosed in horses?

Back 24

Serology: specific IgM (IgM increases after recent infection)
Differentiates vaccinated from exposed

Front 25

What is the gestation period where a bovine fetus can become persistently infected with BVDV?

Back 25

40-120 days

Front 26

How does BVDV kill PI calves?

Back 26

"Mucosal Dz"
There is a mutation that changes the virus from a non-cytopathic to cytopathic form
Since no immune response to cytopathic form: uncontrolled growth

Front 27

What are the clinical signs of Mucosal DZ?

Back 27

fever
depression
anorexia
diarrhea
ulcerative mucosal lesions
high mortality

Front 28

How can Mucosal Dz be caused by a vaccine? Describe mechanism.

Back 28

Antigenically similar cytopathic virus: mucosal Dz results
Antigenically different cytopathic virus: good immune response.

Front 29

T or F:
BVD-2 virus strains are highly virulent.

Back 29

False
Quasispecies with rapid mutation. Some are virulent, others harmless

Front 30

How can serology of dam be used to Dx PI BVD calf?

Back 30

Sero-negative dam rules out BVD.

Front 31

How can PI BVD calves be identified?

Back 31

Serology (lots of time and $)
Virus Isolation
Skin Biopsey with IHC (antigen in hair follicle)

Front 32

What virus causes "Hairy Shaker" is syndrome?

Back 32

Border Dz Virus in sheep.

Front 33

Describe Border Dz

Back 33

the "BVD" of sheep

Front 34

What is another name for Hog Cholera?

Back 34

Classical Swine Fever

Front 35

Describe the Dz caused by Hog Cholera Virus

Back 35

acute
Fever
Systemic Dz
DDx: African Swine Fever

Front 36

Where do RNA viruses generally replicate?

Back 36

In the cytoplasm

Front 37

T or F
Humans and horses are incidental hosts in the Togavirus lifecycle

Back 37

True

Front 38

Name the 2 major Togaviruses of horses

Back 38

Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis

Front 39

How is EEE and WEE Dx?

Back 39

Serology (IgM specific)
ELISA

Front 40

What do coronaviruses look like?

Back 40

They have a "crown", visible with EM

Front 41

What systems do coronaviruses typically affect?

Back 41

Enteric and Respiratory

Front 42

How can coronaviruses be dx in a live animal?

Back 42

FAT or EM on fecal smear
Paired sera (less helpful b/c lots of exposure)

Front 43

How can coronavirus be Dx post mortem?

Back 43

FAT or IHC

Front 44

What section of the villi do coronaviruses affect?

Back 44

The mid section

Front 45

What is the window of susceptibility of neonatal calves to corona virus infection?

Back 45

4-30 days

Front 46

How can Bovine Coronavirus be controlled?

Back 46

Sanitation
Vaccination:
* Cow: increase passive immunity in colostrum
* Calf

Front 47

What type of virus causes Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs?

Back 47

Coronavirus

Front 48

Describe the clinical signs of Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs

Back 48

Diarrhea and vomiting

Front 49

How can Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs be controlled?

Back 49

feed sows dead pigs to stimulate IgA in colostrum

Front 50

What are the 2 forms of Canine coronavirus

Back 50

Group 1 (Enteric) occurs with parvovirus
Group 2 (Respiratory) associated with Kennel Cough

Front 51

What is a major risk factor for Feline Infectious Peritonitis?

Back 51

Multicat households

Front 52

What type of virus causes FIP?

Back 52

coronavirus

Front 53

How is Feline Coronaviruses spread?

Back 53

Contact, verticle

Front 54

Describe the clinical signs of FIP in cats

Back 54

severe systemic dz
Wet form: Ag-AB complexes=leaky vessels=ascites
Dry form: granulomatous inflammation of multiple organs

Front 55

How can FIP be Dx?

Back 55

ELISA Test (blocking: + is no colour)
Biopsey to confirm in individual cat

Front 56

What type of virus causes Infectious bronchitis in poultry?

Back 56

Avian coronavirus

Front 57

What are the clinical manifestations of Infectious Bronchitis in poultry?

Back 57

respiratory dz
nephritis
poor egg production and quality

Front 58

Name 2 important coronaviruses in Lab animals

Back 58

Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Sialoadacryadenitis Virus

Front 59

What species did SARS originate in?

Back 59

Civet cat

Front 60

What are the viral causes of URT Dz in dogs?

Back 60

Canine Distemper
Adenovirus
Herpes Virus
Reovirus
Parainfluenza Virus

Front 61

What are the 2 Nidovirales groups?

Back 61

Nest Viruses:
Corona
Arteriviruses

Front 62

What are the clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis?

Back 62

Fever
leukopenia
Depression
Lacrimation and Conjunctivitis
nasal discharge
Urticaria
Dependent Edema

Front 63

Why is EVA economically important to the horse industry?

Back 63

40-80% of mares will abort

Front 64

What does a EVA aborted fetus look like?

Back 64

edema, peritoneal fluid, hemorrhage

Front 65

How is EVA spread?

Back 65

Venereal
Aerosols
Infected Semen (inc. AI)
Aborted fetus and membranes

Front 66

How is EVA Dx in a live horse?

Back 66

VI
PCR

Front 67

How is EVA Dx post mortem?

Back 67

IHC

Front 68

What are the clinical features of Porcine Resiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?

Back 68

Sows: resp. dz, abortion, mummified fetuses
Piglettes: severe resp. dz, co-infection with PCV

Front 69

What other virus is commonly present in pigs infected with PRRSV?

Back 69

Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2)

Front 70

How is PRRSV spread?

Back 70

Carrier pigs (shed for several months)
Fomites
Aerosols

Front 71

How is PRRSV Dx in live pigs?

Back 71

Serology

Front 72

How is PRRSV Dx post mortem?

Back 72

FA
IHC

Front 73

How can PRRSV be controlled?

Back 73

Biosecurity
Vaccination (controversial b/c concerns about attenuation ->quasispecies)