Veterinary Respiratory Pharmacology

Front 1

EXPECTORANTS (MUCOKINETICS)

Back 1

SOOTHING EFFECT, ANTITUSSIVE ACTION, REMOVAL OF INFLAMMATORY DEBRIS

Direct Acting:
- Act directly on cells of mm, increasing secretory activity
- Camphor, eucalyptus oil
- Potassium Iodide

Indirect Acting:
- Irritate nerve endings in stomach and causes a mild vomiting reflex
- Increases respiratory secretions
- Ammonium salts
- Potassium Iodide
- Potassium citrate
- Glyceryl guaiacolate (Mucinex)

Front 2

INHIBITORS OF EXCESSIVE RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS

Back 2

Decrease excessive secretions which accompany certain respiratory disorders.

- Alpha-adrenergic stimulants
- Anti-histamines
- Anticholinergics
- Steroids
- Cromolyn Sodium (NasalCrom)

Front 3

ALPHA-ADRENERGIC STIMULANTS

Back 3

Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors:
- Vasoconstriction of URT
- Decreasing excessive leakiness
- Oral and Inhalant

PHENYLEPHRINE
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
OXYMETHAZOLINE

Front 4

ANTIHISTAMINES

Back 4

-Block effects of histamine released in allergic disorders
- Provokes blood vessel permeability
- Increased respiratory secretions

NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Front 5

ANTICHOLINERGICS

Back 5

Prevent excessive secretions due to cholinergic stimulation - may lead to production of excessively sticky secretions.

ATROPINE
GLYCOPYRROLATE

Front 6

STEROIDS

Back 6

Topical - sprayed directly on nasal passages.
- Anti-allergic, Anti-inflammatory
- Decreased inflammatory fluid production
-

Front 7

CROMOLYN SODIUM (NasalCrom)

Back 7

- Bronchodilator
- Inhibitor of mast cell degranulation.
- Nasal spray: prevention of allergen induced rhinitis

Front 8

DRUGS THAT DEGRADE INFLAMMATORY DEBRIS

Back 8

Degrades mucous plugs, necrotic debris that are obstructing respiratory tract.

ACETYLCYSTEINE (Mucomyst) - Mucolytic agent
- Neutralizes disulfide bonds in mucus
- Liquification
- Relatively toxic, may lead to allergic-like bronchoconstriction

Front 9

ANTITUSSIVES (Cough Suppresants)

Back 9

COUGHING
- Protective reflex involving cough center in CNS
- Rapid contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
- Forceful expulsion of air from respiratory tract

SUPRESSION OF COUGHING:
- Decreasing viscosity of secretions in airways
- Soothing irritated MM
- Depression of cough center in CNS

CNS DEPRESSANTS: Danger- CNS depression. Use only in cases of nonproductive coughing to prevent trauma, and allow for rest

NARCOTICS:
- Opiates are antitussive also addictive

Front 10

BRONCHODILATORS

Back 10

Cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and increase functional capacity of respiratory tree. Relieves dyspnea and counteracts bronchoconstriction.

Beta-adrenergic receptors - bronchorelaxation
Beta2-receptors - relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

- ANTIHISTAMINES
- ANTICHOLINERGICS
- CROMOLYN SODIUM
- CORTICOSTEROIDS
- METHYLXANTHINES
- SYMPATHOMIMETICS
- COMBO of SYMPATHOMIMETICS AND CORTICOSTEROIDS
- LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

Front 11

ANTIHISTAMINES

Back 11

- Counteract bronchoconstriction due to histamine released in allergic states
- Not too effective due to other inflammatory mediators released

Front 12

ANTICHOLINERGICS

Back 12

ATROPINE, IPRATROPIUM
- Counteract Ach induced bronchoconstriction
- Bronchodilation
- Atropine: antidote for organophosphate poisoning (bronchoconstriction)

Front 13

CROMOLYN SODIUM (Cromovet)

Back 13

- NOT A BRONCHODILATOR
- NO VALUE TO BRONCHOSPASM
- Use only as prophylactic agent, preventing release of histamine and other substances that trigger attack

Front 14

CORTICOSTEROIDS

Back 14

- Bronchodilation
- Reduce inflammatory swelling of respiratory MM
- IV: acute attacks (dexamethoasone)
- Oral: Chronic disorders (Prednisilone, methylprednisilone)
- FLOVENT - inhalation

Front 15

METHYLXANTHINES

Back 15

THEOPHYLLINE AND AMINOPHYLLINE: Potent bronchodilators similar to simpathomimetics. Can be used to prevent down regulation of beta2-receptors.
- Bronchodilation
- Enhances mucocilliary clearance
- Potentially toxic: CNS stimultion, cardiac toxicity and GI irritation

Front 16

SYMPATHOMIMETICS

Back 16

Highly potent and efficacious. Direct stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors leading to relaxation of muscle.
- Development of tolerance with continued use
- Cross-tolerance
- Switch to Xanthines for a period of time

- EPINEPHRINE
- ISOPROTERENOL
- EPHEDRINE
- SELECTIVE BRONCHODILATORS

Front 17

COMBO OF SYMPATHOMIMETICS AND CORTICOSTEROIDS

Back 17

beta2-adrenergic agonists and glucocorticoids for inhalation. Beta2 in these preparations longer lasting.
- Not useful for rescue situations

Front 18

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

Back 18

ACCOLATE, SINGULAIR
- Newest class of antiasthmatic drugs
- Minimal data on animals
- Mainly for chronic management
- Effective only for leukotriene induced component
- Competitor of leukotriene receptors
- Oral
- Removed primarily by drug metabolism

Front 19

EPINEPHRINE

Back 19

- Sympathomimetic
- Potent, prompt, transient bronchodilator action. Also alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. ANAPHYLAXIS treatment

Front 20

ISOPROTERENOL

Back 20

- Sympathomimetic
- Pure beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant. Potent carsiostimulatory effects

Front 21

EPHEDRINE

Back 21

- Sympathomimetic
- Slower onset but more prolonged effects
- Better for chronic disorders, less potent, orally effective, marked CNS stimulation

Front 22

SELECTIVE BRONCHODILATORS

Back 22

- Sympathomimetic
- beta2-specific. Prolonged effect after oral administration.
- Albuterol
- Metaproterenol
- Terbutaline
- Clenbuterol