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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pre-anesthesia Drug options |
Anticholinergics Tranquilizer/sedative (alpha 2 agonist, phenothiazine, Benzodiazepines) Opiods |
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Alpha2 adrenergic agonists |
Dexmedatomidine, xylazine, metatomidine, detomidine |
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Pure Opiods |
Morphine Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Meperidine Fentanyl |
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Partial agonist opioid |
Buprinorphine |
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Agonist-antagonist opiods |
Butorphanol Nalbuphine |
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Opioid antagonist |
Nalaxone |
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Opioid side effects to CNS |
Dog = depression Cat, horse, ruminants = stimulation |
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Opioid time to affect |
60 sec IV 15 min IM |
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Alph2 Adrenergic Agonist |
Dexmedetomidine Xylazine |
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Phenothiazines |
Acepromazine, chlorpromazine |
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Benzodiazepines |
Diazapam Medazolam Zolazepam (part of telazol) |
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Dissociatives |
Ketamine |
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Mechanism of action - opioid |
Opioid receptors stimulated (mu or/and kappa) Opioid receptors create analgesia |
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Anesthetic agents |
Drug used to induce the loss of sensation (with or without unconsciousness) |
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Adjunct |
Drug that is not a true anesthetic Is used to produce other desirable effects for anesthesia Examples: Sedation Muscle relaxation Analgesia Physiological blockades (neuromuscular, parasympathetic) |
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4 uses of drugs (agents) for anesthesia process |
Preanesthetic medication Induction agents Maintenance agents Reversal agents |
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Pharmacokinetics |
Effect of the body has on the drug |
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Pharmacodynamics |
Effect the drug has on the body |
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Balanced anesthesia |
Using a combination of agents/anesthetic types Allows lower doses of each drug Allows to take advantage of disired effects and minimize the negative effects of each agent. |
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Sedation |
CNS depression and drowsiness CAN be roused with stimulus Can be aware or unaware |
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Hypnosis |
Sleep-like state Reduced ability to respond to stimulus CAN be roused with stimulus |
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Tranquilization |
Aware of surroundings but calm, therefore reluctant to move WILL move with stimulus |
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General Anesthesia |
Reversible state of unconsciousness Immobile, muscle relaxation, full body loss of sensation Will NOT be roused by stimulus |
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Narcosis |
Drug induced sleep Typically from narcotic drugs |
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Anticholinergics |
Glycopyrrolate, Atropine |
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Mechanism of action - Anticholinergics |
Blockades binding of muscarinic receptors (one of two receptors in the peripheral nervous system for the parasympathetic/cholinergic effects) Blocked receptors = blockade of 'rest and recover' body response |
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Affects of Anticholinergics |
Reduced secretions/thickening of respiratory sections Mydrasis Bronchodialation Tachycardia/arrhythmias Reduced GI paristalsis |
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Tranquilizers/ sedatives |
Phenothiazines Benzodiazepines Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists |
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Effects of Phenothiazines |
Tranquilizer/ sedative NOT analgesic Antiarrythmic Vasodialation Antiemetic Antihistamine Reduced seizure threshold Some breed sensitivity (boxers, sight hounds, collies) |
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Mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines |
Increase GABA activity (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) CNS depression |
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Effects of Benzodiazepines |
Antianxiety/tranquilizer NOT sedative NOT analgesic Enhances sedation and analgesia of other drugs Anticonvulsant Muscle relaxation Appetite stimulant |
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Mechanism of action of Alpha2 Agonist |
Act on alpha2-adrenoceptors in CNS and PNS to decrease norepinephrine release |
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Effects of Alpha2 Agonist |
Sedative Analgesia? Arrhythmias Respiratory depression Muscle relaxation Cardiovascular depression Hyperglycemia Hypothermia Behavior changes (temporary) - increased aggression |
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Effects of opioid |
CNS depression (dogs) CNS excitement (cats, horses, ruminants, dogs not in pain) Analgesia Bradycardia Miosis or mydriasis Hypothermia or hyperthermia Decreased urine production Vomiting GI stasis |
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Neuroleptanalgesia |
Opioid with tranquilizer Profound state of sedation and analgesia |
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Injectable anesthetics |
Barbiturates Nonbarbiturates (Propofol) Dissociative Etomidate Guaifenesin |
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Barbiturates |
Thiopental - ultra-short Methohexital - ultra-short Pentobarbital - short Phenobarbital |
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Mechanism of action of barbiturates |
Ionization - only nonionized molecules pass through cell wall (affected by acidosis) Protein binding - some molecules bond to plasma protein, only unbound molecules affect brain. (Hypoproteinemic animals = altered affect) Lipid solubility - duration of action. Higher solubility = more rapidly removed by tissue redistribution Redistribution - longer metabolism = longer duration of action |
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Effects of Barbiturates |
Range of CNS depression: sedation/hypnosis/complete unconscious Cardiac depression Respiratory depression |
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Caution factors with barbiturates |
Acidosis Hypoproteinemia Thin/over weight (redistribution affected) Hepatic/renal |
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Propofol |
Ultra-short acting nonbarbiturate |
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Mechanism of action for Propofol |
Affects GABA receptors (similar to barbiturates) Rapidly metabolized Complete recovery in 30 minutes |
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Dissociatives |
Ketamine Tiletamine (in Telazol) |
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Mechanism of action for Dissociative |
Disruption of nerve transmission to some parts of the brain and stimulation to others. |
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Effects of Dissociative |
Catalepsy - muscle rigidity but does not respond to stimulus Reflexes intact Analgesia (somatic, minimal visceral) Increase cardiac output and heart rate Increase salvation/respiratory secretion |
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Etomidate |
Sedative/hypnotic Affects GABA receptors Expensive Minimal cardiopulmonary effects |
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Guafenesin |
Muscle relaxant Not anesthetic or analgesic |
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Alpha2 antagonist |
Yohimbine (xylazine) Atipamizole (dexmeditomidine) |
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Titrate |
Give drug in small increments and to affect I.e. not administering full calculated dose |
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Triple Drip |
For horse anesthesia via CRI Xylazine, Ketamine, Guaifenesin |
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Double drip |
For ruminants anesthesia via CRI Ketamine and guaifenesin (ruminants more sensitive to xylazine) |
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Analgesic drugs |
Opiods NSAIDS Alpha2 agonist Local anesthetic agents Ketamine (wind up pain) Corticosteroids Tramadol |
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Local anesthetic agents |
Lidocaine, bupivicaine |
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Mechanism of action for Local anesthetic |
Blocks sodium channels so action potential is not reached, little to no impulse transmitted |
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NSAID's |
Carprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib, ketoprofen |
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Mechanism of action for NSAID's |
Inhibits COX-1 and/or COX-2 Enzymes that create prostiglandins responsible for pain causing inflammation |
