Veterinary Anatomy Circulatory System

Front 1

Apex

Back 1

most caudoventral part of the heart, always formed by the left ventricle (and having a "tip")

Front 2

Base

Back 2

the hilus of the organ facing dorsocranially. (it is the broad "top" of the heart) it receives the great veins and sends out the great arteries.

Front 3

Right atrium

Back 3

Seen from the right side of the heart, with the venae cavae entering it

Front 4

Left Atrium

Back 4

The chamber into which the pulmonary veins empty

Front 5

Right Ventricle

Back 5

Makes up most of the heart on the right side, below the coronary groove. It "wraps" around the cranial side of the heart to continue as the pulmonary trunk

Front 6

Septum (interventricular septum)

Back 6

the wall separating the ventricles

Front 7

Auricles

Back 7

the ear-shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart.
formerly, the atrium of the heart.

Front 8

The arteries encircling the base of the heart like a crown. These are the first branches off the aorta.

Back 8

Coronary arteries

Front 9

The valve between the conus of the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. It is similar to the aortic valve, but of lighter construction.

Back 9

Pulmonary Valve (semilunar)

Front 10

The three semilunar cusps attached to the aortic fibrous ring in the origin of the aorta.

Back 10

Aortic Valve (semilunar)

Front 11

The fibroserous sac enclosing the heart; composed fo the fibrous and serous pericardium covered by mediastinal (pericardiac) pleura

Back 11

Pericardium

Front 12

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium (considered a wall). It reflects onto the surface of the heart as the visceral layer.

Back 12

Parietal serous pericardium

Front 13

the serosa on the mediastinum; part of the mediastinal pleura on either side of the pericardium

Back 13

Pericardial Mediastinal pleura

Front 14

a serous membrane forming a closed cavity. It covers the heart (visceral layer) and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardial sac (parietal layer)

Back 14

serous pericardium

Front 15

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. it reflects onto the surface of the hears as the visceral layer.

Back 15

parietal layer

Front 16

a thin layer of mesothelium covering the surface of the heart. The epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. covers the myocardium of the heart closely.

Back 16

visceral layer (epicardium)

Front 17

a potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium. It has approx. 1ml of yellow fluid btwn the layers which acts as a lubricant to allow the heart freedom of movement during contraction. Other serous body cavities have almost no fluid.

Back 17

pericardial cavity

Front 18

a thin mesotheial layer lining the atria and ventricles. This layer is continuous with the endothelium lining the great vessels entering and leaving the heart

Back 18

endocardium

Front 19

also known as the tricuspid valve, operates the right AV opening. There are only 2 major cusps (parietal and septal) in the dog, with intervening secondary cusps. In man and other domestic species there are 3 major cusps (angular, parietal and septal) thus "tri-".

Back 19

right atrioventricular valve

Front 20

similar to the right AV valve, but has a heavier construction due to greater pressure of the left ventricle during contraction (systole). (A miter is a two cusp hat worn by bishops in the Catholic church. Someone thought they looked like the left AV valve, hence mitral)

Back 20

left atrioventricular valve

Front 21

(tendinous cords) the though strands anchoring the free edges of the atrioventricular (AV) valves to the papillary muscles and preventing eversion of the valve leaflets into the atrium upon ventricular contraction (systole)

Back 21

chordae tendineae

Front 22

the muscular projections serving as attachments for the tendinous cords (chordae tendineae) of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

Back 22

papillary muscles

Front 23

Linguofacial artery; branches of the external carotid artery. The facial artery winds around the ventral border of the mandible to supply the face. Also known as separate lingual and facial arteries

Back 23

facial artery

Front 24

Maxillary and linguofacial veins join to form the external jugular vein. The external jugular veins and subclavian veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein in carnivores and pigs. The brachiocephalic veins then join to form the cranial vena cava. In horses & ruminants the external jugular veins and subclavian veins join to form the cranial vena cava.

Back 24

facial vein

Front 25

The direct continuation of the external carotid artery to the space below the orbit (the pterygopalatine fossa). Its branches supply the orbit, teeth, chin nose, nasal cavity and palate.

Back 25

maxillary artery

Front 26

Maxillary and linguofacial veins join to form the external jugular vein. The external jugular veins and subclavian veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein in carnivores and pigs. The brachiocephalic veins then join to form the cranial vena cava. In horses & ruminants the external jugular veins and subclavian veins join to form the cranial vena cava.

Back 26

maxillary vein

Front 27

The great artery leaving the left ventricle and arching caudally. It sends oxygenated blood from the left heart to the heart itself and to the rest of the body through its systemic branches.

Back 27

aorta

Front 28

The continuation of the ascending aorta, it sends branches to the head, neck and thoracic limbs

Back 28

aortic arch

Front 29

the part of the aorta caudal to the aortic arch, divided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta by the diaphragm.

Back 29

descending aorta

Front 30

the initial part of the aorta, originating from the left ventricle at the center of the heart's base

Back 30

ascending aorta

Front 31

Ascend the neck to supply the head, face and brain.
Dogs-arise separately; ungulates (hooved animals) - arise by a short, common bicarotid trunk

Back 31

common cartoid artery - right and left

Front 32

supply the neck, thoracic limb and the cranial portion of the thoracic wall. Each has many branches: Vertebral artery, Costocervical trunk, Cuperficial cervical artery, internal thoracic artery.

Back 32

subclavian artery - right and left

Front 33

The arteries encircling the base of the heart like a crown. These are the first branches off the aorta. The right coronary artery originates from the right aortic sinus. It courses cranially under the right auricle and then to the right in the coronary groove. In some species it continues as the subsinuousal interventricular branch (horse and pig).
The left coronary artery arising from the left aortic sinus, it courses to the left under the left auricle and immediately branches into descending (paraconal) and encircling (circumflex) branches. In some species, the circumflex branch, after reaching the heart's right side, descends as the subsinuosal interventricular branch.

Back 33

coronary artery - right and left

Front 34

continuation of the axillary artery on the medial aspect of the arm. It continues as the median artery in the forearm after giving off the common interosseous artery

Back 34

brachial artery

Front 35

Usually arises from the median artery

Back 35

ulnar artery

Front 36

The continuation of the brachial artery past the common interosseous arterhy. It courses distally with the median nerve on the medial side of the forearm under the flexor carpi radialis muscle. The median artery is the largest artery in the manus in all the domestic species, except the cat (its main supply is the radial artery)

Back 36

median artery

Front 37

runs cranial to the median artery on the radius

Back 37

radial artery

Front 38

a portion of the cervical fascia enclosing the carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve.

Back 38

Carotid Artery (contained in carotid sheath)

Front 39

two branches of the pulmonary trunk carrying blood to the lungs; one to the right lung, one to the left lung

Back 39

Pulmonary artery

Front 40

The direct continuation of the subclavian artery past the first rib to supply the thoracic limb. It supplies the structures of the shoulder and continues as the brachial artery in the arm.

Back 40

axillary arteries

Front 41

First branch of the arch of the aorta. As its name implies, it extends cranially to supply the right limb, neck and head. The brachiocephalic trunk gives off the left common carotid artery and then terminates in the right common carotid and right subclavian artery.

Back 41

brachiocephalic artery (brachiocephalic truck)

Front 42

a branch of the subclavian artery it arises medially to the costocervical trunk. Traveling with the vertebral nerve toward the neck, they enter the transverse canal of the cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery usually arises before the costocervical trunk.

Back 42

cervical vertebral arteries

Front 43

The first visceral branch of the abdominal aorta, arising unpaired between the crura of the diaphragm. It terminates as the hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries supplying the cranial part of the GI tract.

Back 43

celiac artery

Front 44

The largest visceral branch of the abdominal aorta, arising just caudal to the origin of the celiac artery. It courses caudoventrally in the mesentery to supply most of the intestines.

Back 44

cranial mesenteric artery

Front 45

originating from the aorta caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery and pass each kidney

Back 45

renal arteries

Front 46

The convoluted artery supplying the ovary and arising from the abdominal aorta.

Back 46

ovarian artery

Front 47

The convoluted artery supplying the testicle and arising from the abdominal aorta.

Back 47

testicular artery

Front 48

third and last unpaired branch arises from the caudal aorta and passes in the mesocolon to supply the descending colon and rectum. Smallest unpaired major branch of the abdominal aorta

Back 48

Caudal Mesenteric Artery

Front 49

The unpaired terminal branch of the aorta that passes on mid line below the sacrum.

Back 49

Median Sacral Artery

Front 50

The main blood supply to the uterus. It arises differently in the different species.

Back 50

Uterine Artery

Front 51

the continuation of the external iliac artery through the femoral triangle, passing distally to continue as the popliteal artery caudal to the stifle joint

Back 51

Femoral Artery

Front 52

arises from the femoral artery in the femoral triangle. It passes subcutaneously with the medial saphenous vein and saphenous nerve on the medial thigh. Past the stifle it divides into cranial and caudal branches in the carnivores and horse

Back 52

Saphenous Artery

Front 53

the continuation of the femoral artery after the caudal femoral artery. Passing btwn the 2 heads of the gastrocnemisus muscle, it branches into cranial and caudal tibial aa.

Back 53

Popliteal Artery

Front 54

passes through the interosseous space and then distally on the cranial surface of the crus with the deep branch of the fibular nerve

Back 54

Caranial Tibial Artery

Front 55

The direct continuation of the cranial tibial artery over the flexor surface of the tarsus

Back 55

Dorsal Pedal Artery

Front 56

are formed by the anastomoses of ventral intercostal artery of the internal thoracic and musculophrenic aa. and the dorsal intercostal a. of the costocervical trunk and aorta. They pass on the caudal border of the ribs in the intercostal spaces with like named veins and nerves.

Back 56

Intercostal Arteries

Front 57

any artery of the usu. 4 pairs that arise from the back of the aorta opposite the lumbar vertebrae and supply the muscles of the loins

Back 57

Lumbar Arteries

Front 58

the large terminal branches of the caudal aorta near the caudal mesenteric artery that pass to the pelvic limbs.

Back 58

External iliac arteries

Front 59

the termination of the aorta passing to supply the viscera of the pelvis and part of the hip and thigh

Back 59

internal iliac arteries

Front 60

The large vein in the neck returning blood from the head to the heart. Empties into the brachiocephalic vein in carnivores and pigs; directly into the cranial vena cava in ruminants and horses

Back 60

External Jugular Vein

Front 61

A single vein arising in the abdomen as a branch of the ascending lumbar vein. It passes upward through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm into the thorax, then along the right side of the vertebral column to the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra, where it turns and enters the superior vena cava.

Back 61

Azygos Vein

Front 62

The major lymphatic vessel draining the entire body, except the right thoracic limb, right cranial thorax, and right side of the neck. It begins at the cisterna chyli, passes through the aortic hiatus cranally on the right side between the azygos vein and the aorta. Passing to the left side of the thorax in the cranial mediastinum, it empties near the thoracic inlet (venous angle) into the jugular vein or the cranial vena cava.

Back 62

Thoracic Duct

Front 63

Great vessle emptying into the cranial or caudal part of the right atrium. Cranial returns blood from the head, neck thoracic limbs and cranial part of the wall of the thoracic cavity. The caudal part returns blood to the heart fromt he abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limbs

Back 63

Vena Cava-cranial & caudal

Front 64

arises fro the digital veins on the palmar aspect of the paw. It extends proximally around the medial side of the forearm just above the carpus to reach the cranial surface of the limb. Here it is joined by the accessory cephalic vein

Back 64

cephalic vein

Front 65

arises fromt he digital veins on the dorsal surface of the paw. It extends proximally to join the cephalic vein above the carpus in the carnivores and ox and near the elbow in the horse

Back 65

accessory cephalic vein

Front 66

the large vein carrying essentially all the blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver and its internal sinusoids. Hepatic veins located inside the liver, return to the caudal vena cava

Back 66

portal vein

Front 67

The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.

Back 67

internal iliac vein

Front 68

The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins).

Back 68

external iliac vein

Front 69

a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath; a continuation of the popliteal vein; becomes the external iliac vein

Back 69

femoral vein

Front 70

The saphenous vein runs from the body down the
inside of the rear leg and then crosses to the outside
of the leg above the hock Above the hock
the vein runs diagonally across the leg, where it
is easier to see. It is best to shave this area in the
same manner as the cephalic vein.

Back 70

Saphenous Vein-Medial and Lateral-pulse site

Front 71

just caudal to lateral canthus of eye in horse

Back 71

Linguofacial artery- pulse site

Front 72

facial just under the neck

Back 72

Maxillary artery-pulse site

Front 73

in the forearm dorsal side

Back 73

Median Sacral artery-pulse site

Front 74

inside hind leg

Back 74

Femoral artery-pulse site

Front 75

elbow area

Back 75

Brachial artery-pulse site

Front 76

inside hind leg

Back 76

Femoral vein-venipuncture site

Front 77

in dog most common site forearm area

Back 77

cephalic vein-venipuncture site

Front 78

outside hind leg - 3rd most common site in dogs- poor choice

Back 78

lateral saphenous vein-venipuncture site

Front 79

2nd most common choice, neck

Back 79

jugular vein-venipuncture site

Front 80

one of the 3 shunts in the fetal circulation- arterial duct the shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, diverting most of the blood from the pulmonary trunk (pulmonic circulation) to the aorta (systemic circulation)

Back 80

Ductus arteriosus

Front 81

the arterial duct doesn't close after birth. This should be corrected early through a left intercostal incision throught the 4th intercostal space. The ductus is carefully isolated and ligated.

Back 81

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Front 82

one of the 3 shunts in the fetal circulation-the fetal shunt from the unbilical vein directly through the liver to the caudal vena cava, bypassing the liver sinusoids.

Back 82

Ductus venosus