Veterinary Anatomy And Physiology Digestion

Front 1

Five Functions of the Digestive System

Back 1

Prehension
Mechanical grinding of food (chewing)
Chemical digestion of food
Absorption of nutrients and water
Elimination of waste

Front 2

Upper arcade is within the?

Back 2

maxilla

Front 3

lower arcade is within the?

Back 3

Mandible

Front 4

tooth anatomy

Back 4

Front 5

Tube that connects oral cavity to stomach

Back 5

esophagus

Front 6

Sphincter is tight enough in horses and rabbits that they can’t

Back 6

vomit
(no NPO restrictions before rabbit anesthesia…)

Front 7

the esophagus Enters into the stomach to the left of midline at an angle creating

Back 7

a gastroesophageal sphincter that is pinched shut when the stomach is distended.
Prevents gastroesophageal reflux.

Front 8

the esophagus has what kind of muscle

Back 8

Varying amounts of skeletal and smooth muscle depending on species

Front 9

Monogastric Stomachs

Back 9

Cats, dogs, horses, pigs, humans

Front 10

(monogastric) cardia

Back 10

where the esophagus drops off the swallowed food

Front 11

(monogastric) fundus

Back 11

distends while eating. Left side

Front 12

(monogastric) pylorus

Back 12

muscular sphincter between stomach and duodenum. Right side of body. Doesn’t close completely so allows liquids to move through more quickly than solids

Front 13

Rugae

Back 13

long ridges of mucosa in the stomach

Front 14

Monogastric stomach components

Back 14

cardia, fundus, pylorus, body, lesser curvature, greater curvature,

Front 15

What are the 2 sphincters in the monogastric stomach?

Back 15

Gastroesophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter

Front 16

Small Intestine

Back 16

Duodenum – descending, duodenal flexure, ascending
Jejunum
Mesenteric root and lymph nodes
Ileum
Ends at ileocecocolic junction, a sphincter
Mesentery

Front 17

Goblet cells produce

Back 17

mucus

Front 18

Lacteals run through center of

Back 18

villis

Front 19

Crypts

Back 19

where new epithelial cells are produced

Front 20

Cecum

Back 20

Small, blind pouch in dogs and cats
Large blind pouch in herbivores
Colon

Front 21

Ruminant GI system

Back 21

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum (true stomach, analogous to monogastric stomach)

Front 22

Rumen

Back 22

Root word for rumination
Process of regurgitating ingesta from the rumen and “rechewing” it. “Chewing cud”
Takes up all the space in the left abdomen

Front 23

Rumen

Back 23

Site of bacterial fermentation as well as protozoal and fungal digestion

Front 24

Ruminants absorb products of microbial digestion-mainly

Back 24

volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Front 25

VFAs are a major

Back 25

energy source which are then metabolized by animal

Front 26

Omasum

Back 26

Right cranioventral abdomen
Entrance off of the reticulum
Muscular pump between rumen and abomasum

Front 27

Abomasum

Back 27

Right cranioventral abdomen
Same function as carnivore stomach
“True Stomach”

Front 28

Can become displaced in dairy cattle

Back 28

Abomasum

Front 29

LDA

Back 29

left displaced abomasum
rumen shrinks after anorexia, allowing more room for abomasum to move around

Front 30

RDA

Back 30

right displaced abomasum
Spontaneous

both left and right are surgical

Front 31

esophageal groove

Back 31

Young ruminants have a reticular or esophageal groove that allows milk to completely bypass the rumen. Protects the bacterial composition of the rumen from disruption.

Front 32

Equine Large Intestine

Back 32

Right Ventral colon
Sternal flexure
Left ventral colon
Pelvic flexure
Left dorsal colon
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal colon
Small colon
Small colon and flexures are narrowed and sites of obstruction (colic)

Front 33

Gallbladder empties via common bile duct into

Back 33

duodenum

Front 34

Liver Anatomy

Back 34

Caudal to the diaphragm

Divided into lobes

Portal vein delivers blood to hepatic sinusoids

Blood flows out of sinusoids into hepatic vein and into caudal vena cava

Bile secreted by hepatic cells collects into canaliculi, then bile ducts, then into gallbladder

Front 35

Liver Functions
Phagocytic Functions

Back 35

on blood coming from GI tract before it reaches systemic circulation

Front 36

Production of Albumin
liver functions

Back 36

responsible for the maintenance of oncotic pressure

Front 37

Creates glucose from amino acids

Back 37

gluconeogenesis

Front 38

Stores glucose in the form of glycogen

Back 38

glycogenesis.

Front 39

Bile

Back 39

Created by hepatic cells

Front 40

pancreas exocrine

Back 40

(secretes substances that go “outside” of the body; requires a duct) – secretes amylase, lipase, and proteases)

Front 41

pancreas endocrine

Back 41

secretes insulin and glucagon which regulate glucose levels

Front 42

Four types of glandular cells in the stomach

Back 42

parietal, cheif,G, and mucus cells

Front 43

Parietal cells

Back 43

– produce hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Front 44

Chief cells –

Back 44

produce enzyme precursor pepsinogen

Front 45

Mucous cells (Goblet cells)

Back 45

– produce mucus which protects stomach lining

Front 46

G cells

Back 46

– produce hormone gastrin

Front 47

Parietal cell has 3 receptors on “blood” side of epithelium to synchronize acid secretion

Back 47

1) Gastrin Receptor – gastrin in blood increases HCl secretion

2) Acetycholine Receptor – parasympathetic stimulation of G cells (which produce gastrin) releases acetylcholine

3) Histamine Receptor (H2, vs. H1 which are in respiratory tract)

Front 48

Blocking any of the 3 receptors leads to decreased acid production

Back 48

H2 Blockers – Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid
Atropine

Front 49

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Back 49

Most PGs are associated with inflammation

Some reduce gastric HCl production, enhance HCO3 production for the mucous layer and enhance gastric blood flow

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are PG inhibitors => risk for gastric ulceration with their use

Front 50

stomach lined with what muscle

Back 50

smooth muscle

Front 51

Small Intestinal Digestion

Back 51

Electrolytes, water, vitamins can be absorbed directly across intestinal epithelium

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins must be broken down into their building blocks

Front 52

Amylase is the enzyme that digests

Back 52

carbs

Front 53

is the process of breaking fat globules into smaller ones, occurs in the antrum of the stomach

Back 53

Emulsification

Front 54

hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end
(Smaller fat globules combine with bile acids and are prevented from separating back again because of)

Back 54

Bile acids have a

Front 55

fatty acids/bile acid combinations called

Back 55

micelles

Front 56

produced in pancreas penetrate bile coating and break fats into glycerol and fatty acids/bile acids called micelles

Back 56

Lipases

Front 57

Secretin – a hormone

Back 57

1) slows gastric emptying
2) stimulates gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into duodenum
3) stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid

Front 58

Cholecystokinin – a hormone

Back 58

1) Inhibits gastric motility
2) Stimulates GB contraction
3) Stimulates pancreas

Front 59

increase of a certain kind of digestive enzyme in response to increasing amount of substrate in the diet

Back 59

Up regulation –

Front 60

Down regulation

Back 60

-decrease of a certain kind of digestive enzyme in response to increasing amount of substrate in the diet