Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
xray tube |
Produces controlled xray beam |
|
|
Cathode |
Source of electrons |
|
|
Anode |
Where electrons strike the target and become xrays
|
|
|
Control panel |
On/Off kVp/mAs selectors Timer Voltage compensator Warning light Exposure button |
|
|
Collimator |
Controls xray beam size, decrease unncessary scatter and radiation
|
|
|
PPE to wear |
Apron Gloves Goggles Thyroid shield Dosimeter |
|
|
How to calculate mAs |
mA x time (in seconds) |
|
|
What does kVp measure? |
Voltage |
|
|
What happens to the mAs when the kVp is increased? |
Lowers |
|
|
If we want to alter the density, which do we increase? |
mAs |
|
|
If we want to alter the contrast, which do we adjust? |
kVp |
|
|
Reasons for geometric distortion on film |
Magnification - Increased space between subject and image receptor Elongation - subject & beam not perpendicular Foreshortening - subject not parallel to image receptor Subject alignment - Subject needs to be parallel, close to film, and directly under focal spot |
|
|
Some causes of fog on radiograph
|
Storage fog Chemical fog Radiation fog
|
|
|
Some causes of artifacts on film |
Grid not in focal range (grid lines) Pi lines (roller marks from auto processor) Guide shoe marks (improper placement into auto processor) White streaks Collimation |
|
|
How is film supposed to be stored? |
On end in cool, dark room with 40-60% humidity. |
|
|
How to process film |
Open cassette & remove film Imprint ID info Feed into processor -Developer -Rinser -Fixer -Washer -Dryer Once film is in processor, replace with new in cassette and store. |
|
|
What needs to be logged in radiograph log?
|
Hospital/Vet name Owner’s name/Animal’s name Animal’s signalment Date Anatomical region being radiographed and views |
|
|
What positioning aid devices do we have at the shelter? |
Troughs Sand bags Gauze Box (for reptiles) Wedges Tape Markers |
|
|
Two positive contrast agents and how do they appear on film? |
Barium Iodine Appear as white on film |
|
|
Two negative contrast agents and how do they appear on film? |
Oxygen CO2 Room air Appear as dark spots on film |
|
|
How should a patient be prepped for a contrast study? |
NPO for approx 12-24 hours Enema (if needed) 1 hour before procedure If using cathartic, give 4-12 hours beforehand |
|
|
How should avian species be prepared for barium study? |
Sedated and immobilzed or restrained Fasting for no more than 4 hours |
|
|
When getting ready to take an xray, what should we make sure is completed prior to bringing the patient into the room? |
Settings, restraint items, any instruments needed |
|
|
How should the patient appear as far as appearance? |
Patient should be calm with collars, harnesses, leashes, shoes removed. They should defecate/urinate beforehand (unless stated otherwise.) |
|
|
When do we take more than two radiographic views |
Met check Limb fractures or injuries Oblique when structures overlap |
|
|
When might we use a wedge or take a DV instead of a VD radiograph?
|
Instead of taking a VD, you can take a DV for the skull and thorax soft tissue, or if patient is painful and/or has certain dz processes. |
|
|
Even though we take two radiographs for most species, what is the difference between cats/dogs and exotics? |
With exotics you will want a radiograph of wings/shells Whole body All exotics except avian, a DV view is taken instead of VD |
|
|
Two benefits of digital over traditional |
Faster Can be manipulated Cost efficient |
|
|
Do digital xrays require more or less electrons than traditional? |
10-30% more |
|
|
For avian and exotics, it's best to use what instead of measurements? |
Guide |
|
|
Avian exotics exposure time |
>1/40s |
|
|
Types of restraint |
Manual Physical Chemical |
|
|
Restrain head and torso first and then _____ and then _____? |
Wings Legs |
|
|
Physical restraint tools
|
Plexiglass Ropes Sandbags Radiolucent Tape Plexiglass tubes
|
|
|
Avian views |
Whole body VD Whole body lateral Wing caudocranial Restraint - physical |
|
|
Rodent views |
Whole body DV Whole body lateral Restraint - tape |
|
|
Turtle/tortoise views |
3 views WB DV WB lateral WB craniocaudal Restraint - minimal, plastic box |
|
|
Reptiles - lizards & snakes |
WB lateral WB DV Restraint - tail, allow snakes to coil naturally, can be done in segments |
|
|
Fish views |
DV view Lateral Restraint - plastic bag, may wrap in wet paper towel for lateral |
|
|
Ideal animal to use to develop technique chart |
~50 pounds Short-medium coat Ideal BCS Clean coat |
|
|
When should a new technique chart be developed? |
New equipment, cassette, film, machine, processor Chart no longer consistent |
|
|
Two benefits of having technique chart |
Decreased # of retakes Frees up staff time Less exposure time to staff/animal |
|
|
Three factors that influence technique chart that have to do with equipment and supplies |
Speed of film Screen speed Age of film Grid type SID |
|
|
How many technique charts should a clinic haveand what is each one for?
|
One per species/grouping At least 2 anatomical groups |
|
|
How to calculate kVp |
(thickness in cm) x 2 +40 |
|
|
Two types of technique charts |
mAs variable (old) kVp variable (newer) |
|
|
How to take & determine initial test radiograph when creating a chart |
Take measurement of region to be xrayed Calculate kVp Determine mAs Take 2 or more at 50% (+/-) higher/lower Examine all 3 and determine best setting If overexposed, decrease kVp by 10% If underexposed, increase kVp by 10% Continue until have good radiograph |
|
|
When creating technique chart and you get to 110 or above how should you alter the chart to create the best radiographs?
|
Decrease kVp by 10-15% Increase mAs by 30-50%
|
|
|
When might the technique chart not work as well to produce quality radiographs? |
Deep chest Obese Certain health conditions |
|
|
What are different spinal regions to be radiographed? |
Lateral, Cervical, Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, Lumbar, Sacrum |
|
|
Beam center for thorax Measure where |
Over caudal border of scapula Level of caudal border of scapula |
|
|
Beam center for abdomen
Measure where |
over caudal aspect of 13th rib level of caudal aspect of the 13 rib |
|
|
When is bucky used on top of table
|
When pt is under 10cm wide
|
|
|
Exotics setting for mA and time |
300 >1/40s Lower kVp |
