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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue residue
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Quantity of drug or chemical that remains or accumulates in cells
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Tolerance
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concentration of a drug that will be permitted in feed or food
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No effect level
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concentration of a drug or chemical that will not cause any adverse effect. find no effect level and divide by 200-2000 and that is the tolerance level
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withdrawal time
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time required for a drug or chemical to be metabolized or excreted from body systems before slaughter or consumption to reach tolerance levels
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Classes of drugs
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antimicrobials and antibiotics, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, industrial or environmental chem, heavy metals, growth promotants, coccidiostats and feed efficiency enhancers, hormones
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organophosphates, hexaclorobenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbones
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organophosphates = not a problem
hexachlorobenzene = stored in fat C.hydrocarbons = concentrate in fat |
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Why are we concerned about antibiotic residue?
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allergic rxns (penicillin = no tolerance...can react to .00310)
adulterated product - public perception loss of market - makes news and ppl stop buying inhibition of dairy processing procedures - milk cultures and curdling of milk, cheese processes are inhibited. removal of approved drugs/extralabel use (metro in turkey's - off label use in pigs made it illegal) |
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Causes of residues?
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failure to observe w/drawal times; unapproved drugs; poor medical records
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failure to observe withdrawal times
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more than one person treating or making culling or sales decisions; forced sale of sick and treated animals; withdraw time not known
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Unapproved drugs
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label directions not followed - diff dose or route of administration; vet directions not followed; improper feed mixing; extralabel drug use
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poor medical records
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animal not id'd properly; w/draw date not written down; treatment dates not recorded
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responsible party for residue occurrence
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producers (76%); unid'd (22%); vets (1%)
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Residue detection
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FSIS sample at a level to detect 1-3% prevalence of violations. test organs of excretion and metabolism (liver, kidneys); organs of storage (fat) and edible products (meat, liver, kidney)
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Monitor of slaughter animals
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animals suspected of having been treated prior to marketing; animals originating from a farm that has had residue violations; random sample of loads of "normal" animals.
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High risk animals
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Cull cows
veal calves - residue from dry cow treatment of mom in colostrum swine if lesions observed around jugular vein we test |
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methods used to detect residues
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Bacteriologic testing - based on inhibition of bacterial growth (CAST, LAST, STOP, Delvo P test); chemical tests = thin layer chromatography; immunologic tests - penzyme, CITE...these look for B-lactams
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Residue violations analyzed by route of administration
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Injection - 46%; oral - 29%(19% in feed/water and bolus 10%); intramammary - 18%. sulfa pills are most problem due to sustained release boluses. intramammary = infusion of dry cow tx with lactating treatment
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Residue avoidance
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1. proper usage of ab's and additives
2. designate 1 person to tx animal 3. follow label 4. observe w/drawal times - if not known = 6m 5. id of treated animals 6. keep accurate record 7. purchased animals should be considered treated until proven otherwise 8. flush feeding systems, mixers, clean holding facilities ( can reinfect themselves w/ fecal contam) 9. be aware of recycled feed - manure 10. if treat one quarter, discard milk from all quarters 11. dry cow tx prep's should be used only in dry cows 12. do not sell treated animals 13. have animals/milk tested prior to marketing |
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Hormones in animal production
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1. Bovine somatotropin
2. hormonal growth implants |
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What is BST and what is it's mode of action
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It is a protein hormone naturally produced by the pituitary gland. (ex of protein hormone = insulin). orally inactivated and digested int he gut like other proteins; short acting in body.
Mode: stimulates the liver to produce insuling like growth factor (IGF-1), regulates the conversion of dietary nutrients to milk |
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rBST
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Posilac. produced by fermentation technology; injected into tail head after 63 days in milk, every 14 days, inc milk production on ave by 10%; depository drug, drug released from carrier over time
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Milk from rBST treated cows
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contents of "BST" milk the same except slight inc in IGF-1 levels
concentration of BST is the same compared to non treated cows rBST and BST cannot be distinguished in milk |
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Public health significance of BST
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none
rBST when inj into dwarf humans had no effect rBST is digested in gut |
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Naturally occurring hormones
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estrogen, progesterone, testosterone. all formulated as implantable pellets
Implanted in the middle third of the ear, ears are discarded so the hormone deposit is also discarded deliver hormone at a slow, constant rate concen in edible tissue remain within the normal range established for untreated animals of the same age and sex no slaughter withdrawal time |
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public health risk of hormones
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no public health risk. amount of added hormone is negligible compared to the amount normally found in the edible tissues of untreated animals.
amount of added hormone is negligible compared to the amount naturally produced by the consumer's own body |
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synthetic hormones
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trenbolone acetate, zeranol and melengestrol. FDA required amount of hormone found in edible tissue after treatment below the appropriate safe level
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FDA limit of residues from implant?
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no more than 1% of the daily amount of hormones produced by a person in the highest natural hormone prod segment of the population (pregnant woman)
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how does FDA allow hormones?
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only in the form of implants which have very specific instruction on proper usage. each contains a specific, legally authorized dosage of the hormone. has to go in ear which is discarded at slaughter. with implant - enters the blood very slowly so that concentration of hormone remains relatively constand and very low. USDA has educational programs.
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goal of meat inspection
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to protect the consumer. 4 major methods by which meat and poultry inspection provide consumer protection.
1. eliminating diseased meat - separate out wholesome from unwholesome product 2. esthetic factors: prvent objectionable or undesirable meat from being sold to consumers 3. clean equip and environ - strict hygiene is essential to prevent foodborne infections and intoxications 4. labeling - proper labeling to prevent adulteration and misrepresentation of products |
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Meat inspection act of 1906
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1. antemortem inspec req of all slaughtered animals
2. animal placed based on antemortem inspec: passed, condemned or suspects 3. postmortem exam of viscera and carcass 4. condemned carcasses must be destroyed 5. all employees of meat inspec have access to plant 6. secretary of agric could destroy all unfit prod 7. no deception of sales 8. sanitary regulations of plant were established 9. only applied to interstate trade and export |
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Poultry products inspection act of 1957
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similar to that already established for red meat in the 1906 act. provided inspection of poultry in interstate commerce and from foreign sources
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wholesome meat act of 1967
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same as 1906 plus:
1. all meat must be inspected whether inter or intrastate 2. imported meat must undergo same standards of inspection 3. fed inspec equal to state, either state or federal inspec req. 4. fed govt would pay half if states decide to maintain own inspec service 5. poultry fell under inspection, must be federally inspected 6. inspec of processing plants that did not slaughter animals but made meat products |
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exemptions to meat acts
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custom plants that slaughter animals for the owner. must be returned to owner for personal use. subj for sanitation and equip inspec. must be stamped with "not for sale"
Farmers can raise up to 250 turkeys or 1000 chickens or combo annually to sell uninspected dressed birds directly to consumers. small processors can handle 5000 turkeys or 10000 chickens/yr...the plant is inspected but each bird is not |
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humane slaughter act of 1978
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1. animals had to be slaughtered humanely
2. animals had to be handled humanely 3. imported meat, animals had to be slaughtered humanely 4. poultry is not covered |
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5 methods of humane slaughter
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1. captive bolt pistol - non penetrating type and penetrating type
2. gunshot - hollow pointed bullets; frangible iron plastic composition bullets. brains, cheekmeat and headmeat cannot be saved as edible parts 3. carbon dioxide - 60% CO2 with atmospheric air, 15 sec, expensive 4. electrical stunning 5. kosher slaughter |
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electrical stunning
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need to regulate voltage and amperage to avoid broken backs and hemorrhages. electrical slaughter - deep stunning, causes cardiac arrest, hogs, sheep and calves
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kosher stunning
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considered humane under the law. a single instantaneous cut which severs the carotid and jugular vessels is performed by a sheckter. takes about 10 sec to become unconscious
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antemortem inspection
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inspection of live animal prior to slaughter. objectives: 1. remove animals having cond's undetectable on routine postmortem inspec 2. prevent unnec contamin of slaughtering facility 3. obtain info on suspect animals for better PM disposition 4. w/hold animals exhibiting abnormal cond's that make them unfit for human food 5. cooperation with animal disease control agencies
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disposition
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refers to the ultimate handling of an animal/carcass or its parts after it has been inspected. final disposition: release for slaughter - pass; us suspect or us condemned
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passed for slaughter
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animal is deemed fit for slaughter (appears normal)
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suspect animal
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an animal possibly affected by a condition or disease that req condemantion of the carcass, either wholly or in part, when slaughtered
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condemned animal
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animal that may not go to slaughter, judged as unfit for food at the antemortem inspection
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subject to inspection
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the seller (the farmer) and the buyer (the slaughter plant) agree on payment for that portion of the animal that passes inspection, thus the animal is purchased "subject" to passing inspection
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3D
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animals that are dead, dying or drugged
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antemortem inspection procedures
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1. inspec must be made of all animals presented for slaughter on the day of slaughter
2. inspections are made in the animal's holding pens or specially designed pens 3. poultry are inspected on the truck 4. animals are examined both at rest and in motion - horses are viewed from a 48 inch walk way for fistulous withers 5. suspects and condemned animals are tagged 6. suspects are killed at the end of the day and separately from the healthy animals 7. condemned animals are destroyed 8. animals cannot go back home |
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disposition of abnormal animals
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1. animal with a localized lesion that is not indicative of a generalized condition, it is passed or released for slaughter
2. suspects: tagged and killed at the end of the day. these animals are subject to a PM inspection at which time they are passed, may have a portion of the carcass rejected or condemned entirely 3. condemned - never enter the abattoir. these animals are killed and tanked or rendered |
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General rules for disposition on antemortem
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1. the inspector asks, "is ther anything observable that will keep carcass from being passed, if not then it is passed for slaughter. localized or chronic pathological cond'n which may affect carcass = suspect
2. animals exhibitng signs that are injurious to human health are condemned 3. animals showing signs of systemic dx are condemned |
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abscesses
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multiple - if indicate a generalized condition then condemn
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epithelioma, ocular squamous cell carcinoma
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is either suspect or condemned. if neoplasia is extensive and secondary infec is present or the animal has become cachectic then the animal is condemned. if lesion appears to be confined to the eye then the animal is classified as suspect
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actinomycosis
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lumpy jaw - usually a localized condition
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downer cows
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condemned and do not enter the human food chain as part of the new regulations to control BSE
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pneumonia
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dispositions vary. if the condition is advanced and generalized, the animal is usually condemned. less severe = suspect
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CNS damage
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any animal with signs of active CNS infection is condemned. however, CNS signs appear to be chronic in nature, head tilt with out any other abnormality = suspect
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Retained placenta
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animals that have recently given birth are fit for food. can be slaughtered after passage of placenta
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Fever
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an animal is condemned at antemortem inspection if its body temp is abnormally high. cattle/sheep > 105; swine >106. need to take into account the ambient temp. shouldn't be condemned solely on that
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Reactors and reportable diseases
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1. tuberculosis reactors
2. brucella reactors 3. reportable diseases |
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Tuberculosis reactors
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classified as suspects on antemortem inspection. animals with fever are condemned and any animal dying is given a postmortem exam
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Brucella reactors:
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are simply id'd by their ear tag number and treated like any other animal. brucella reacting goats are not slaughtered, they are condemned bc of pathogenicity of B melitensis
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Reportable diseases
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anthrax, hog cholera, or vesicular disease - contact state authorities.
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objectives of postmortem inspection
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1. same as antemortem plus:
2. detect any internal lesion that would cause the carcass to be unfit for human consumption not observed antemortem 3. more thorough exam of suspect animals |
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Final postmortem disposition
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passed, condemned, retained, passed with restrictions - cooking, refrigeration
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postmortem
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1. removal of condemnation of dx and abnormal tissue (separate normal from abnormal tissue asap). minor lesions can be trimmed
2. concept of localized v. generalized (condemned); chronic v. acute (condemned) 3. body function abnormalities: although primary lesions may be localized, in some cases it may have deleterious effects on other body parts 4. conditions injurious to public health. lesions may be diff to recog 5. offensive and repugnant cond's that are not esthetic - tumors, boar odor, bruises |
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condemned products
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unwholesome products bc of disease or severe contamination
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inedible products
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unwholesome products bc they are usually not eaten and are not expected in food
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denaturant
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any substance that will change the appearance, taste or smell of a product and thus destroy the product for food purposes
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decharacterize
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changing the physical appearance of a product in order to discourage its use as human food. used for products that are condemned for human consumption but could be used as an ingredient for animal food. approved green and red dyes, charcoal
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Restricted products
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products that may not be sold w/o further processing such as cooking or freezing
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control of condemned products
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once a product is condemned or deemed inedible at postmortem inspection, proper controls need to be put in place to insure these products are not mixed with edible product. usually condemned or inedible products are placed in a container marked as such and the product is changed in some way to insure it won't be used for food
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methods used to destroy inedible and condemned product
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1. hashing: hashing and grinding process, the processed material does not have the appearance of an edible product
2. rendering 3. incineration: seldom used bc of costs and air pollution 4. denaturing: application of a denaturing agent in the product. cresylic disinfectant is one of the most commonly used denaturants |
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Postmortem disposition of infections cond's
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septicemia, pyemia, or toxemia - generalized dx's. the lesions vary but often are charac by congestion, hyperemia, petechial hemorrhages, tissue edema, or lymphadenopathy. the carcass is condemned bc it is a potential health hazard.
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tuberculosis
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granulomatous, inflammatory disease. agent likes lymphoid tissue, LN's are examined routinely at postmortem. (head LN's - parotid, retropharyngeal, mandibular, atlantoocipital). TB is dx of respir. system. swine has avian type and is assoc w/ git. in swine - if only mesenteric and cervical LN's are involved, the GI system may be discarded and the remainder used for food. if lesions were apparent in the mesenteric and femoral LN's then the carcass is passed restricted (passed for cooking), it must be stamped and the meat cooked at a standardized time and temp (170 for 30 min). all cattle that are TB reactors and free from lesions are passed for cooking. if lesions found in cattle = condemned
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Arthritis
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not a reason for condemnation unless associated systemic changes are present
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pneumonia
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if active = condemned; exam of LN's will assist in determining chronic v. acut
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Pericarditis
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extent of lesions varies from localized to systemic involvement. disposition dependent on involvement, if localized then tissue may be trimmed and carcass passed. if systemic effects observed (edema, organ congesion, cachexia) the carcass is condemned
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Caseous lymphadenitis
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dx of sm ruminants. depending on degree of involvement, the effected part may be excised or the entire carcass condemned if systemic effects are noted
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Parasitic cond's
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taenia aginata, taenia solium, trichinosis
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Taenia saginata
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bovine taeniasis - cystercercus bovis, cystercercosis, measly beef. intermediate stage of the tapeworm. attn is given to the heart and masseter muscles. carcasses that are not extensively involved may be treated by excising apparent cysts and holding continuously at -15 F for 15 days. the cysts are also killed by cooking at 140 F
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Swine Taeniasis
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cystercercosis cellulosae, measly pork. humans are the def and can also be IH. any lesion of Taeniasis is passed restricted for cooking or freezing unless lesion are extensive and the carcass is condemned. Organism is taenia solium
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trichinosis
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not detected readily on postmortem exam. All pork should be considered infected. Heating to 131 F kills the trichina cysts but plants processing pork products, ex. sausages, bacon, etc. are req to heat the meat to 137 F. Trichina are also killed by freezing the meat to neg 40 F. Trichina may be found in bear meat
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Liver conditions
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in all cond's, liver is condemened but must look at other lesions to det. carcass: milk spots, cirrhosis, carotenosis, sawdust livers, telangiectasis, pale livers, liver abscesses, fluke damage
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milk spots
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ascaris suum
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cirrhosis
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has it caused systemic changes
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carotenosis
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enlarged yellow friable livers
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sawdust livers
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cattle - small areas of necrosis, usually seen in cattle fed high grain diets
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Telangiectasis
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young well fattened beef, small puplish black to reddish blue areas on the surface and throughout the liver, assoc with high concentrate diets - aesthetic
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pale livers
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fatty, near term pregnancy animals
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liver abscesses
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rumenitis complex, if only one or 2 abscesses, the abscess may be trimmed out and the liver passes. usually time to trim out abscess is not taken and liver is discarded
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Liver Flukes
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fluke damage or presence of flukes
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Skin conditions, abscesses, and eosinophilic myositis
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skin cond's: may be handled as localized lesions and trimmed out, if assoc with systemic signs then carcass is condmened
Abscesses: usually are localized and may be trimmed out Eosinophilic myositis: usually seen in young well fattened cattle, unknown etiology. lesions are yellowish, green, spindle shaped foci in the muscle fiber and may grossly be mistaken for sarcosporidiosis. disposition is similar to bovine cystercercosis |
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Postmortem disposition of noninfectious cond's
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1. emaciation: results from either inad caloric intake or inc caloric demand as a result of stresses such as cold weather
2. cachexia - associated with chronic debilitating dx's and is diagnosed more often on antemortem inspec. In cases of emaciation and cachexia there is serous infiltration or mucoid degenration of fat. emaciated animals are condemned bc of esthetics, cachectic animals bc of systemic effect of dx |
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Pigmentary cond's
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1. Icterus: inc bilirubin in body as a result of pathological state in the hepatic or hemolymphatic systems. animal is condemned. must differentiate from similar appearing cond's assoc with diet or breed charac, such as the channel island breeds. look at tissues normally white such as intima of lg vessels sclera, tendons, joint surfaces and CT
2. Melanosis: an abn inc in or to an aberrant location of melanin deposits. normally found in the skin, brain, tongue and palate. tissues can be trimmed awa. must diff from melanoma |
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Neoplasia
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1. Embryonal nephroma: common in swine. Well circumscribed and benign. Unless secondary changes are observed, its handled as a localized lesion and the effected tissues are discarded and the carcass is passes
2. malignant lymphoma: carcass condemned 3. Epithelioma or SCC: any evid of metastasis the carcass is condemned, look at parotid LN's. any ext beyond eye is reason for condemnation |
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Miscellaneous noninfectious cond's
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1. bruises - trimmed and rest passed
2. pale soft exudative pork: PSE involves muscle. can be used as food 3. nephrosis - depending on duration/sever, sev systemic changes may occur. as severity inc so does uremia. heat fat = smells like urine (condemned w/ uremia) 4. chemical residues: if suspected, held until testing completed - condemned if pos 5. sexual odors: male swine odor. may go to sausage 6. bone taint, sour bone, sour round, ham taint, sour ham: july and aug slaughtered animals, putrefactive bacteria is cause, heavy muscle areas most effected, proper slaughter and refrigeration; effected portion condemned |
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndroma
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Agent: hantavirus, sin nombre virus
Epidemiology: SW US and 4 corners area. past few years - Northwest. 2 cases in VA along appalachian trian in '93 and '04. several outbks in S. America Transmission: inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta |
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Hantavirus - reservoir, symptoms, control
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Reservoir: deer mouse, rodent reservoir, rodents shed virus in feces, urine and saliva
Symptoms: Humans: fever, fatigue, chills, myalgia, headache, cough that leads to rapidly progressive bilateral pneumonia and respiratory failure. IP: 2 wks or more. greater than 50% that dev. CS's diet. Animals - none Control: eliminate rodents inside homes, reduce rodent shelter and food sources around homes. When cleaning rodent infested areas, spray area with water to reduce dust aerolization |
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Arboviral Infections
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1. St. Louis encephalitis, West nile
2. Eastern, Western, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 3. LaCross Encephalitis |
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St. Louis Encephalitis: Agent, Epidemiology, Acquired
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Agent: Flavivirus
Epidemiology: endemic in rural west. Cases clustered in low socioeconomic and older neighborhoods which promote breeding areas for mosquitoes. 2nd half of summer and autumn. Man is accidental host Acquired: from mosquito bites, Culex sp. (Culex tarsalis - West, Culex quinquefaciatus - south) |
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St. Louis Encephalitis: transmission, reservoir, symptoms, control
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Transmission: mosquito bite
Reservoir: Passerine birds (ex. house sparrows) are principle amplifying host Symptoms: Humans: fewer than 1% of infections are clinically apparent. Clinical disease consists of fever, headache, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. 7% of symptomatic cases are fatal. Mortality inc with age. Animals - subclinical Control: serological monitoring with sentinel chickens, elimination of mosquito breeding areas and mosquito control, curtail outdoor activities in the evening and screens on windows |
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West Nile Virus: Agent, Epidemiology, Acquired, Reservoir
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Agent: Flavivirus
Epidemiolgy: NY city (56 cases and 7 deaths) in fall of '99, along with 23 horses (13 deaths). Assoc with inc mosquito populations. Virus can over winter in bird population. 5 y to spread across the US Acquired: from mosquitoes, Culex sp., blood transfusions with blood infected with the virus Reservoir - birds |
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West Nile: symptoms and control
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Symptoms:
Humans - asymptomatic w/ 80%; 20% = mild symptoms - fever, headache, sore throat, back ache, myalgia and lymphadenopathy. symp last several weeks. 1 in 150 result in severe illness Severe illness: high fever, headache, stiff neck, muscle weakness, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, vision loss, numbness and paralysis (several wks and neuro deficits may be permanent) - median age = 50 Horses: fever and encephalomyelitis some birds are also affected w/ CS's - crow family Control: serological monitoring and mosquito control. insect repellant and stay indoors at dusk and night. Fans in barns |
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Agent, Epidemiology
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Agent: Alphavirus
Epidemiolgy: less common than St. Louis or WEE. cycle between birds and mosquitoes and over flows into human and equine populations. Occurs in late summer and early autumn. Man is an accidental host. Associated with fresh water swamps |
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EEE: acquired, transmission, reservoir, symptoms, control
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Acquired: mosquito bites
Transmission: mosquito bites Reservoir: passerine birds (house sparrows) and water fowl Symptoms: Human: clinical disease consists of fever, headache, vomiting, lethargy, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis delirium and coma. 65% of cases are fatal. Sequela - mental retardation, paralysis. Children under 15 years old and adults over 50 more susceptible. Animals - horses and pheasants - encephalitis Control: serological monitoring with sentinel chickens, mosquito control, curtail outdoor activities in the evenings and screens on windows |
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WEE: agent, epidemiology, acquired, transmission, reservoir
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Agent: alphavirus
Epidemiology: endemic in rural west. summer. man is accidental host Acquired: mosquito bites, Culex sp. Transmission: mosquito Reservoir: passerine birds (house sparrows) |
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WEE: symptoms and control
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Symptoms:
Human: clinical disease consists of fever, headache, stiff neck, spastic paralysis, mental confusion 3-14% of symptomatic cases are fatal young adults and children less than a year of age Sequela: in children personality changes, mental retardation, spastic paralysis Animals: horses Control: serological monitoring with sentinel chickens, elimination of mosquito breeding areas and mosquito control, curtail evening activities. |
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Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis: Agent, Epidemiolgoy, Acquired, transmission
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Agent: alphavirus - epidemic and endemic strain
Epidemiology: tropical and subtropical america. can occur anytime mosquito population is present. outbreaks tend to occur over a long period of time, months to possibly years. when the epidemic strain is involved, horses show infection first then see human cases. Man is accidental host Acquired: mosquito bites and biting flies Transmission: mosquito bite and biting flies |
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VEE: Reservoir and symptoms
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Reservoir: endemic strain: rodents and mosquitoes
Epidemic strains: horses and mosquitoes, not sure how epidemic strain maintains itself. This viral disease is diff than the other EE as birds are not part of the cycle and man gets infection from mosquitoes feeding off infected equines. Direct human to human transmission may be possible as virus was present in pharynx in 40% of human cases. Some outbks human to mosquito to human transmission has been observed Symptoms: Human: rate of subclinical infection is high. Clinical dx consists of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting and encephalitis. Fatality is low, less than 1% Animals - horses. Control: mosquito control and vx of horses |
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California Encephalitis, LaCross Encephalitis: Agent, Epidemiolgoy, acquired
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Agent: Bunyavirus
Epidemiology: mainly in children and adolescents. Occurs in the summer. July to end of sept. assoc with oak forests. In the central and eastern US Acquired: from mosquito bite |
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CE: reservoir, symptoms, control
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Reservoir: mosquito - transovarian transmission. chipmunks and squirrels
Symptoms: Humans: many cases are mild fevers. clinical dx consists of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, diarrhea, and encephalitis. fatality is low Animals: subclinical in chipmunks and squirrels Control: mosquito control - use of pesticides in woods; no standing water, rise in late summer/early aug. very weather dependent |
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Ovine contagious Ecthyma, Orf
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Agent: Parapoxvirus
Epidemiology: virus is resistant to desiccation and survives in scab for months Acquired: contact with infected animals Transmission: virus enters through broken skin or abrasions; iatrogenic inoculation at time of vx with live vx Reservoir: sm ruminants and camelids |
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Ovine contagious Ecthyma - symptoms, control
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Symptoms:
human: painful pustules and dark scab lesions usually on fingers but may see anywhere virus made contact with skin. Lesions last 2-3 wks. IP is 3-7 days Animals: proliferative lesions (thick brown scabs) on the lips, ears, eyelids, chin, teats, udder and vulva of sheep, goats, alpaca and camels Control: wear gloves, vx animals |
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Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis: agent, epidemiology, acquired, transmission
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Agent: arenavirus
Epidemiology: mice can infect hamsters, gp's which can then transmit dx to humans Acquired: bites from mice or other infected rodents. food contamination and ingestion Transmission: bite wounds, infection through breaks in the skin or ingestion |
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LC: reservoir, symptoms, control
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Reservoir: house mouse
Symptoms: Humans: clinically inapparent to fatal in rare cases. signs similar to influenza, meningitis. Prenatal damage to child (encephalitis, hydrocephaly, chorioretinitis) Animals: disease of mice. don't show signs. become persistenly infectec (viremic) through transovarial and congenital infection Control: wear gloves when handling mice, control mouse populations. Pregnant woman should not keep rodents for pets |
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Herpes simiae, Herpesvirus B: agent, epidemiolgy, acquired, reservoir
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Agent: Herpes B virus
Epidemiology: naturally among primates of genus Macaca - Rhesus monkeys Acquired: contact with infected animals Transmission: through bites or skin abrasions contaminated with monkey saliva. Possibly by aerosols entering conjunctiva, nose or pharynx Reservoir: rhesus monkeys |
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Herpes: symptoms, control
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Symptoms:
Human: highly fatal dx. 15% survival and all survivors had chronic neuro signs. humans probably not susceptible. IP 1-5 wks. signs: fever, cephalgia, nausea, abd cramps and diarrhea, muscular pain, vertigo, diaphrgmatic spasms then flaccid paralysis Animals: similar to herpes simplex in main; cold sores and fever blisters Control: quarantine monkeys for 6-8 wks; monkeys with herpetiform lesions should be eliminated from colony; house monkeys in sm gps to dec chances of transmission. wear gloves, protective clothing, clean bites and scratches throughly |
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Avian influenza: agent, epidemiology
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Agent: H5N1 influenza
Epidemiology: 1st case goose in 1996; '97 = outbk in live bird markets in hong kong '03 = 2 human cases H5N1 has occurred in ppl resulting in 50 mortality rate. human to human is very, very rare. occurred in asia, africa and middle east 315 cases w/ 191 deaths |
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Avian Influenza: acquired, transmission, reservoir, symptoms, control
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Acquired: contact with infected animals or obj contaminated with secretions/excretions from infected birds
Transmission: spread through saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. concern that virus will mutate and become ppl to ppl Reservoir: birds symptoms: ppl: fever, sore throat, pneumonia, resp distress Animals: viral septicemia control: restrict mvmt of poultry; slaughter surveillance |
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BSE: agent
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Prion, not viral or bacterial. changes the chem structure of normally occurring protein in the brain which then produces the lesions observed.
Others: scrapie in sheep, transmissibl emilk encephalopathy, CWD, feline spongiform encephalogpathy |
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BSE: epidemiology
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fatal brain dx of cattle, UK in '86. peak in '93; cattle infected by consuming rendered offal from sheep with scrapie via animal protein feeds and the prion changed or from consuming rendered feed from a bovine with unrec BSE
"slow" virus: lag time from infection and dev of CS's (2-8 y) 1st case in US in Dec of '03, Holstein from Canada. 2nd in Texas and 3rd in AL all 3 cases have been H, an atypical strain. 11 cases in Canada - same strain as UK |
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BSE: transmission, symptoms
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Transmission: ruminant derived protein feeds; vertical transmission?
Symptoms: cattle have coordination problems and are very nervous. adv stages: infected cattle stand away from the rest of the herd, severe muscular trmbling and wt loss. Humans: similar type dx called C-J disease. the yearly incidence of dx is 1 per million. variant CJD seen in England. there is an association between new variant form and BSE |
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BSE: prevention
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ban on offal feeding
restriction of import from UK surveillance system where cattle brains are examined ban on feeding all mammalian derived animal protein feed to ruminants in US. Downer animals are not allowed in food chain or in cosmetics Removing specified resk materals from all animal feed, incl pet food. SRM's: he brain, skull, eyes, spinal cord of cattle 30 m or older and a portion of SI and tonsils from all cattle, regardless of age |
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Monkeypox: agent, epidemiolgoy and transmission
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Agent: monkeypox virus,orthopoxvirus
Epidemiology: outbreak occurred in May of 2003 in Midwest. assoc with sick prarie dogs that were exposed to sick Gambian giant rats distributed through an animal dealer Transmission: contact with infected animals, in this outbk sick prairie dogs. human to human is possible but not observed in US |
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Monkeypox: symptoms, control
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Symptoms:
Human: vesicular and pustular rash similar to that of small pox. prior to lesions: fever, headache, non-productive cough. pustular rash dev. progressing to vesiculation, pustulation and crusting. In Africa - case fatality ratio is 1-10% Animals: prarie dogs, others susceptible. CS's: cough, fever, blepharoconjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy and nodular rash Control: Humans: vaccination w/ small pox vx. wash hands after handling animals. restrict importation of wild animals and keep records of animal dispersals/sales |
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Equine Hendra Virus: agent, reservoir, symptoms, public health significance
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Agent: Henipavirus (paramyxovirus)
Reservoir: Bats Symptoms: acute respiratory failure in equines, 2 humans have been id'd as being infected that worked with horses that exp the respiratory outbk in Austrailia Public Health significance: agent seems to maintain itself w/in the bat population, spread to horses is accidental humans in contact with bats do not seem to be at risk based on serologic sampling. humans acquire from horses |
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Nipah Virus
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Agent: Henipavirus (hendra-like virus)
Symptoms: Humans: fever, headache, myalgia, encephalitis Case fatality 40% Swine: inc RR and cough, aggression - neuro signs |
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Nipah virus: Epidemiology, transmission, reservoir, control
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EPI: outbk in humans in Malaysia and singapore in spring of '99, 256 cases with 100 assoc deaths. human cases assoc with working with swine that had resp dx. no human to human
transmission: body fluids of pigs, aerosol transmission or urinary secretions Reservoir: unknown Control: eliminate infected swine populations |
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Rabies: agent, symptoms
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Agent: rhabdovirus
Symptoms: Humans: IP 2-8 wks but up to a year. CS's: anxiety, headache, hyperesthesia, photophobia, swallowing dysfunction, spasms of respiratory muscles and generalized convulsions. Lasts 2-6 days Animals: furious or dumb Cattle: persistent straining and urination, prolapsed vagina, abnormal bellowing Horses: signs of encephalitis, neuro deficits dogs and cats: aggressive behavior, incoordination, CNS signs |
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Rabies: epidemiology, acquired, transmission, reservoir, control
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EPI:
strains: fox, skunk, raccoon, bat, dog (coyotes) Fox - texas and NY Raccoon - atlantic coast Skunk - central US Bat - widespread Virus can be shed 10 d prior to the animal showing CS's of rabies - thus the reason for the 10 d quarantine Acquired: contact with virus infected salvia, CNS and peripheral nervous tissue. no viremia Transmission: bites, cuts, or conjunctival membranes Reservoir: bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes Control: vx domestic animals, control of strays, vx of vet health care providers caution in animals with neuro signs |
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Exposure to rabies
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any bite, scratch or circum where saliva or CNS tissue from a potentially rapid animal enters an open, fresh wound or comes in contact with a MM by entering the eye, mouth or nose
hard to evaluate bat bites |
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High risk animals
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bats and certain carnivorous mammals such as raccoons, fox, skunks, bobcats
Hybrid animals: direct offspring or any subseq generations of domestic animals bred to wild animals Low risk: small rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits) Potentially rapid: high risk w/ or w/o signs |
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Confinement
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housed in a building, pen, escape-proof enclosure. can't be removed unless on a leash w/ responsible adult. If rabies is suspected, euthanized and tested
Strict isolation: a kennel in vet hospital, boarding, or pen at home. has to be approved |
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Vaccination
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prior to 4 m of age; licensed at that age. second immunization 1 year later. then 3 y.
Livestock: limited. only if at risk Ferrets: does not req |
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Human exp to dog/cat
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must be confined for 10 d for observation. if dev symptoms, euthanize, tested
if dog is biten, confined for 45 d for observation. If dog is unvx - euthanize or strict confinement for 6 m. exp vx = booster and 6m confinement. LIvestock: booster and 45 die confinement; if unvx - slaughtered or observed for 6 m Wildlife: no inj, offlabel use, oral control programs |
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General rabies control strategies:
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1. vaccinate
2. pre-exp vx of ppl at risk 3. educate puplic - avoid wildlife, discourage wildlife in environ, promptly report exposures. |
