Vet Pharmacology

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Controlled substances:

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*have a potential for addiction
*required log that has to be signed off on
3.classes 1-5 a Cis marked on upper left hand corner with a number from 1-5 to mark level of abuse.
*DEA Classification number used

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Classes of controlled substances

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class 1: most potential for abuse:
class 2: ex. morphine or codeine
class 3. hydrocon anabolic steroids
class 4. valium: diazapan
class 5. cough suppressant, robitussin, least likely to be abused.

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controlled substance examples:

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1. morphine
2.butorphanol
3. fentanyl: a patch for pain
4/ ketamine: makes patient unable to respond, dissassociative, but can feel pain. Immobilize
5 Telazol: similiar to ketamine
6. Hydormorphone

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Agonist:

Antagonist:

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causes a response in a cell, binds to receptor cell and causes an effect.

binds with receptor cell and blocks it, prevents a response or change in the cell: prevents the agonist from causing an effect.

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target tissue:

Efficacy:

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Tissue a particular drug affects.

how effective a drug works

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Plasma:

steady state:

halflife:

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fluid portion of blood.

staying same: drug accumulation= drug elimination

T1/2 Time it takes for amount of drug in body to be reduced in half.

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drug effective:

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get in range, asap and stay in therapeutic range.: can give pills throughout day to stay in range to prevent decrease in
sub-therapuetic range.

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A drug effectively getting into the therapeutiv range depends on?

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The route it is given, absorbed, excreted, metabolized, and route determines range.

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Loading dose:

Therapeutic index:

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a larger dose first: followed by smaller doses to get in therapeutic range quicker.

LD50
ED50 lethal dose increase as much as possible to kill half population over the effective dose that is safe for the other half population. increase therapeutic index.

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SID
BID
TID
QID

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1x day
2x day
3x day
4x day

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q4h
q8h
qd
QOD

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every 4 hours
every 8 hours
every day
every other day

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PRN
IM
IV
SQ or SC
PO
OD

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Intramuscular
Intravenous
subcutaneous
by mouth
right eye

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OS
OU
STAT

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left eye
both eyes
immediately

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Oral vs. parental (inject.)

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Oral: PO 4th
parental: IM 2nd-hurts more , IV-1st highest bl. level, SQ-3rd.
fastest.

Factors:
ph of stomach
GI disease
(less predictable)

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Bioavailability:

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degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation

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Drug elimination

1st pass effect:

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reach/maintain steady state bl. levels at target tissues.

*orally transports medicine to intestines where it is absorbed, then goes through portal systme (vascular) (passageway to the liver) through liver where most of the drug is removed and then dumped into the vena cava, to the heart and to the body. drug is eliminated before deneral circulation.

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Cats and livers:

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cat livers can't metabolize drugs as well as dogs and other species. (doesn't take out much medicine and drugs in heart.)
-slower drug elimination
-lethal side effects.

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newborns and drugs:

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*less than 6 weeks old
*nonmature liver
*blood:brain barrier leaky
review package inserts?

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drug withdrawal times

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mainly for food animals...how long to wait before eating animals... Residue.

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off label use:

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label doesn't specify not for another animal.
ex:for dogs, but if protocol developed for cat, cat can use it.

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heartworm meds:

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got to have a dr./ patient relationship for heartworm meds. to be given.