Vet Micro Anatomy Reproduction

Front 1

Back 1

primordial germ cell migration

notice yolk sac towards left and bright green germ cells in the genital ridge

Front 2

purpose of the yolk sac

Back 2

Germ cells come from yolk sac

Once primitive gut starts to form, the cells migrate out of the yolk sack to the genital ridge of the celomic cavity to be.

Front 3

know the structures of the testis, epididymus, etc

Back 3

Front 4

Back 4

testis (center)

epididymus (mickey's ears)

notice the fibrous tunic

trichrome stain

Front 5

Back 5

testis (bottom)

fibrous tunic (purple)

epididymus (top left)

collecting ducts (to the right of the epididymus)

trichrome

Front 6

Back 6

semininferous tubules (cross section of convoluted tubules)

each tubule is separated from each other by fibrous tissue and some smooth muscle

Front 7

Back 7

spermatogenesis

spermatogonia (diploid) - outermost 2 layers

spermatocytes (haploid) - next 2 layers

spermatid (haploid) - next 2 layers

not nearly as much CT or smooth muscle

maturation occurs from lamina -> luminally

Front 8

Back 8

spermatogonia

these are the cause of cancer

Back 9

primary spermatocyte

Front 10

Back 10

secondary spermatocyte

Front 11

Back 11

primary spermatocyte

Front 12

Back 12

round spermatid

big open nuclei with prominent nuclear membrane

Front 13

Back 13

acrosomal cap

Front 14

Back 14

spermatid

nucleus

basal plate

flagella

Front 15

Back 15

acrosomal cap

Front 16

Back 16

sertoli cells

Oriented perpendicular to basal lamina

Kite shaped nuclei

Prominent nucleoli

Reaches inbetween spermatid

Tight junctions

Fxn
- Nutrient suppport
- Structural support
- For sperm development

Front 17

Back 17

sertoli cell (SC)
- Nuclear indentation
- prominent nucleolus.
- well defined mitochondria
- Processes extend luminally

PS = spermatocyte

Sg = spermatogonia

Front 18

Back 18

sertoli cell around spermatogonia

Front 19

Back 19

sertoli-cell-only syndrome

(germ cell aplasia)

Front 20

Back 20

maturation arrest

spermatogonia forget how to function so only have sertoli cells and spermatogonia

Front 21

Back 21

leydig (interstitial) cells

Polygonal to round

Lipid present

Foamy

Produce testosterone when leutenizing hormone present

Front 22

Back 22

leydig (interstitial) cells

Polygonal to round

Lipid present

Foamy

Produce testosterone when leutenizing hormone present

Front 23

Back 23

leydig cell

Polygonal to round

Lipid present

Foamy

Produce testosterone when leutenizing hormone present

Front 24

Back 24

rete testis

Front 25

Back 25

vas deferens

smooth muscle around and fibrous CT around that

proximal end used for storage

Front 26

Back 26

vas deferens

lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with basal layer

goes to urethra where it becoms transitional epithelium

Front 27

Back 27

efferent ducts

Columnar ciliated cells
And cuboidal secretory cells

Front 28

Back 28

epididymus

smooth muscle surrounded by fibrous CT

movement within epididymus is by peristaltic contraction of smooth muscle (only during ejaculation)

Front 29

Back 29

epididymus

Front 30

Back 30

epididymus (left)

smooth muscle

loose CT

efferent duct (right)

Front 31

Back 31

ampullary region of vas deferens

highly branched glands that open directly into vas deferens

most secretory fxn in
- nutritive
- control pH
- change viscosity

Front 32

Back 32

seminal vesicle

lobulated pinna, areolar form, papillary forms

columnar epithelium produces very viscous, sugar laden fluid (fructose)

Front 33

Back 33

seminal vesicle

lobulated pinna, areolar form, papillary forms

columnar epithelium produces very viscous, sugar laden fluid (fructose)

Front 34

Back 34

prostate (trichrome)

dense to loose CT

pathological = increase CT in dogs

human neoplasia = increase epithelium

Front 35

Back 35

prostate

cuboidal to columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 36

Back 36

prostatic corpora amylacea

Front 37

describe the prostate

Back 37

Sits around urethra on either side

2 forms

Capsular form
- What you feel on rectal
- Barbie’s butt

Disseminated form
- No distinct capsule

Front 38

Back 38

bulbourethral gland

flattened basal nucleus

mucinous alkaline material in lumen

Front 39

Back 39

bulbourethral gland

flattened basal nucleus

mucinous alkaline material in lumen

Front 40

Back 40

corpora cavernosa

Front 41

Back 41

penis (cross section)

loose areolar CT around outside

squamous epithelium (outside)

dogs = more vascular

ruminants = more fibrous type

Front 42

primordial germ cells become

Back 42

spermatogonia

Front 43

supportive cells become

Back 43

sertoli cells

Front 44

some mesenchymal cells become

Back 44

intersitial cells (leydig cells)

Front 45

genital ridge mesenchyme forms

Back 45

CT
blood vessels
intersitial tissue
stroma
etc.

Front 46

coelomic epithelium migrates into the genital ridge forming _____

Back 46

supportive cells

female - follicular epithleium

male - sertoli cells

Front 47

primitive sex cords contain what cell types?

where do they start?

where do they go?

Back 47

contain
- gametogenic cells (from primordial germ cells)
- supportive cells (from coelomic epithelium)

start at periphery (cortex) of the gonad and penetrate into the center (medulla)

Front 48

how is sexual differentiation hierarchal

Back 48

Determined 1st by chromosomal makeup, then by gonadal makeup, then by other cells that tell it what to do


Differentiation is:
1) Chromosomal (XX or XY)
2) Gonadal (ovary or testes)
3) Phenotypic (accessory glands, uterus, ducts, etc)

Front 49

female with male characteristics

Back 49

no mullerian inhibiting hormone from sertoli cells

Front 50

male with female characteristics

Back 50

no testosterone or inadequate testosterone receptors

testosterone is from leydig cells

Front 51

ovary formation

Back 51

in absence of Sex Determining Region Y, primitive gonad becomes an ovary

primordial germ cells become oogonia then primary oovytes

supportive cells become follicular epithelium

some mesenchymal cells become thecal and stromal cells (leydig cells)

the cortical primitive sex cords become follicles

Front 52

duct systems in males are originally

Back 52

both mulllerian (paramesonephric) and wolffian (mesonephric) ducts

Front 53

both mulllerian (paramesonephric) and wolffian (mesonephric) ducts

Back 53

both mulllerian (paramesonephric) and wolffian (mesonephric) ducts

Front 54

male duct development

Back 54

expression of SRY causes sertoli cells to produce anti-mullerian hormone which makes mullerian duct degenerate

testosterone produced by leydig cells leads to differentiation of the wolffian duct into the epididymis, vas deferen, and the seminal vesicle

Front 55

female duct development

Back 55

in the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, the mullerian duct persists.

the mullerian duct gives rise to uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 of vagina, and fallopian tubes

in the absence of testosterone, the wolffian duct degenerates and gives rise to broad ligament of the uterus and dorsal vaginal wall

Front 56

male and female external genitalia differentiation

Back 56

Male
- penis and scrotum differentiate from lateral plate mesoderm under testosterone
- prostate is derived from urogenital sinus which is derived from the cloaca

female
- external genitalia differentiate from lateral plate mesoderm
- lower vaginal vault is derived from the urogenital sinus, which is derived from the cloaca

Front 57

_____ is the site of spermatogenesis

Back 57

testis

Front 58

spermatogeneisis is regulated by

Back 58

FSH (stimulates spermatogenic epithelium)

LH (stimulates testosterone production)

Front 59

is the testis functionally endocrine or exocrine

Back 59

it is both

Front 60

describe the testis

Back 60

surrounded by dense white fibrous CT (tunica albugenia) which extends inward to form a central septum (mediastinum testis) that arborizes to subdivide the testis into numerous lobules.

w/in each lobule are highly coiled seminiferous tubules (convoluted tubules)

the convoluted tubules converge into lobar straight tubules whihc lead into the rete testis

Front 61

describe each seminiferous tubule

Back 61

surrounded by 1-4 layers of smooth muscle cells

smooth muscle abuts a basal lamina supporting tubular seminiferous epithelium which is composed of 2 types of cells (spermatogenic & sertoli cells)

Front 62

spermatogenic cells

Back 62

undergo serial maturation w/in the seminiferous tubule

the most mature cells are closest to the lumen

takes about 2 mo

spermatogonia

spermatocytes

spermatids

spermatozoa

Front 63

spermatogonia

Back 63

diploid

differentiated from primordial germ cells

always in contact with basal lamina

2 subtypes
- A: stem cells
- B: precursors that undergo multiple mitoses to finally form spermatocytes

Front 64

spermatocytes

Back 64

larger than and lie luminal to spermatogonia

hapliod cells are in prolonged 1st meiosis or rapid second mitosis

after 2nd mitosis they are spermatids

Front 65

spermatids

Back 65

lie in the luminal part of the seminiferous epithelium

small with an initially very light eccentric nucleus that becomes smaller and darker

Front 66

the last part of spermatogenesis is _____

Back 66

spermiogenesis

maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa

Front 67

describe spermatozoa

Back 67

head
- nucleus
- anterior is covered by acrosome (contains enzymes impt in fertilization)
- posterior forms basal plate

neck
- short and attached to basal plate
- transversely oriented centriole is located immediately behind the basal plate
- 9 segmented colums of fibrous material that continue into the tail

tail
- connecting
- principle
- end piece
- in connecting and principle piece, the axonema and dense fibers are surrounde by a sheath of mitochondria

Front 68

what is the fxn of sertoli cells

Back 68

provide mechanical and nutritive support for the spermatogenic cells

secrete numerous proteins including hormones (inhibin and activin) which provide + and - feedback on FSH secretion from the pituitary

Front 69

describe sertoli cells

Back 69

irregularly columnar

extends from basal lamina to lumen

extend processes b/w spermatogenic cells

nucleus kite shape, large, pale, with large nucleolus

Front 70

between the seminiferous tubules is _____

Back 70

continuous interstitial region composed of loose, highly vascualrized fibrous CT & leydig cells

Front 71

______ produces androgens (testosterone)

Back 71

leydig cell

Front 72

rete testis

Back 72

lobular straight seminiferous tubules converge into the rete testis in the mediastinum tesis

the rete is a cavitary labyrinth lined by low cuboidal to flattened epithelium supported by fine fibrous septa

Front 73

testicular efferent ducts

Back 73

from rete testis, spermatids enter effernt ducts

lined by cuboidal absorptive epithelium and cuboidal ciliated epithelium of varying heights

duct epithelium is supported by fibrous CT

efferent ductular absorptive cells remove up to 90% of luminal fluid produced during spermatogenesis

ciliated cells move sper to epididymus

Front 74

epididymus

Back 74

coiled tube which spans the length of the testis

lumen is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long apical stereocilia (not motile, but secretory and absorptive fxns)

lipid droplets in basal cells

lamina propria - vascular loose (areolar) CT

thickness of muscularis increases proximal to distal (most conspicuous at the tail)

sperm moved by spontaneous peristaltic contractions in head and body

sperm undergo final matuation in middle segment

tail is a site of storage for mature spermatozoa

Front 75

vas deferens

Back 75

fibrovascular wall tube with highly folded mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar cells

muscularis thick with 2 distinct layers

Front 76

the proximal portion of the vas deferens is a component of ______ and serves for _____.

the distal end _____

Back 76

spermatic cord

serves for sperm storage



widens to form an "ampulla"

Front 77

vesicular glands

Back 77

seminal vesicles

rimmed by thin smooth muscle layer

epithelium is tall columnar

Front 78

accessory glands of the male repro system

Back 78

ampullary glands
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethral glands

secrete serous and mucinous fluids

branched tubular to tubulo-acinar glands arranged in lobules

Front 79

seminal vesicle fluid

Back 79

viscous

contains
- fructose (providing sperm energy)
- prostaglandins (stimulates sperm mobility and enhances viability)
- coagulating proteins

Front 80

secretions of the prostate

Back 80

thin and alkaline

enhance motility of sperm

may contribute to copulatory plug

Front 81

bulbourethral gland secretions

Back 81

cowpers's glands

alkaline mucus-like fluid

neutralizes the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra

neutralizes the acidity of the vaginal secretions

not present in dog

Front 82

penis

Back 82

adjacent to penile urethra are 3 columns of erectile tissue
- 2 dorsal columns (corpora carernosa
- single midline ventral column surrounding the urethra (corpus spongiosum)

erectile tissue composed of numerous small vascular sinuses
- associated fibrous CT and smooth & striated musc

Front 83

difference b/w fibrous and vascular penice types

Back 83

fibrous
- CT includes elastic fibers & smooth musc extends from dense fibrous CT capsule to cover erectile components
- some elastic fibers may be incorporated into the sinusoidal erectile tissue

vascular
- CT capsule is minimal
- erectile tissue (vascular sinuses) well developed and rich in elastic fibers

Front 84

Back 84

female reproductive tract

Front 85

Back 85

ovary (H&E)

medulla through middle

cortex all around

secondary and antral follicles

Front 86

Back 86

ovary (trichrome)

medulla (fibrous CT) through middle

cortex around it

Front 87

Back 87

ovary (medulla)

very vascular b/c makes oocytes/ follicles & makes hormones that need to get into blood stream

Front 88

Back 88

ovarian cortex

top left - germinal epithelium

blue capsule (tunica albugenia) beneath that

cortical stroma beneath that

bottom left - primary follicle

Front 89

Back 89

primary follicle

(primary have more cuboidal cells)

(primordial have more flattened, squamous cells)

Front 90

Back 90

ovarian cortex (trichrome)

primordial follicles up top

primary follicles - middle left

secondary follicle - bottom right

Front 91

Back 91

Primary follicle

single layer of cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

Back 92

secondary follicle

Front 93

Back 93

secondary follicle

Front 94

Back 94

Primary Follicle (top right)

Secondary follicles
- multiple layers with epithelial cavitary fragmenting

Front 95

Back 95

Primary Follicle (top right)

Secondary follicles
- multiple layers with epithelial cavitary fragmenting

stromal CT surrounds & supports

Front 96

Back 96

tertiary follicle (antral follicle)

oocyte (corona radiata is the 1st layer of cell surrounding it)

zona pellucida

cumulus oophoris

antral cavity

granulosa cells (follicular epithelial cells)

thecal cells

Front 97

Back 97

tertiary follicle (antral follicle)

oocyte (corona radiata is the 1st layer of cell surrounding it)

zona pellucida

cumulus oophoris

antral cavity

granulosa cells (follicular epithelial cells)

thecal cells

Front 98

Back 98

corpora hemorrhagicum

(bloody body)

indicates that there was a follicle that ovulated

Front 99

Back 99

corpora hemorrhagicum

(bloody body)

indicates that there was a follicle that ovulated

Front 100

Back 100

corpora luteum

if everything goes right, preg is maintained & goes to corpora luteum which produces progesterone & estrogen

Front 101

Back 101

corpora fibrosum

if no pregnancy, rather than expanding to corpora luteum, it continues to collapse to corpora fibrosum

Front 102

Back 102

corpora fibrosum

if no pregnancy, rather than expanding to corpora luteum, it continues to collapse to corpora fibrosum

Front 103

Back 103

oviduct

left - muscular wall

right - columnar ciliated epithelium (propels egg into uterus)

Front 104

Back 104

oviduct ampulla region

Front 105

Back 105

oviduct

ciliated and peg cells

peg cells are more cuboidal, microvilli, secretory

Front 106

Back 106

oviduct

Front 107

Back 107

uterus

outer - perimetrium

myometrium

stratum vasculare

myometrium

innermost - endometrium

Front 108

Back 108

mesometrial attachment (top)

notice stratum vasculare

Front 109

Back 109

uterus cross section

endometrium at bottom

cuboidal to columnar epithelium continuous with glands

Front 110

Back 110

endometrium

see stroma, glands, surface epithelium

Front 111

Back 111

uterine luminal epithelium

some ciliated

Front 112

Back 112

uterine luminal epithelium

some ciliated

Front 113

Back 113

endometrial glands

proestrus to estrus
(proliferation of cells, mitotic figures)

Front 114

Back 114

endometrial glands

metestrus to diestrus
(more convoluted forms)

Front 115

Back 115

endometrial glands

metestrus to diestrus
(more convoluted forms)

Front 116

Back 116

cervix

highly folded (oblique) tubular strx

cuboidal mucin cells proximally

stratified distally

Front 117

Back 117

cervix

columnar to stratified epithelium

Front 118

Back 118

cervix

columnar to stratified epithelium

Front 119

Back 119

cervix

fibrous and muscular wall

Front 120

Back 120

vaginal epithelium

with cornification (keratinization): during estrus

Front 121

_____ is the site of oogenesis

Back 121

ovary

Front 122

oogenesis is regulated by

Back 122

FSH
- stimulates the follicular epithelium

LH
- stimulates progesterone production

Front 123

the ovary is composed of

Back 123

germ line cells

epithelial cells

supportive stromal cells

Front 124

does the ovary have endocrine or exocrine function

Back 124

both

Front 125

the ovary is divided into

Back 125

cortex
- composed of follicles, corpora leuta, interstitial stromal cells
- aerolar but more cellular with aggregates of pleomorphic fibroblasts

medulla
- large vessels and nerve fibers supported by areolar connective tissue that is continuous with the mesovarium

Front 126

where are follicles found

Back 126

in the cortex

Front 127

ovary is covered by

Back 127

squamous epithelium (modified peritoneal mesothelium)

subjacent to surface epithelium is dense fibrous CT that encloses the cortex

Front 128

what stage of follicle is present at birth

Back 128

primordial
- diploid but arrested in meiosis
- primary oocyte and scant fluid
-single layer squamous epithelium
- located in clusters immediately below tunica

Front 129

in what follicular stage does the epithelium begin secreting estrogen

Back 129

primary follicle
- single layer cuboidal cells

Front 130

when do you start seeing theca and membrana granulosa

Back 130

secondary follicle

epithelium becomes stratified
- begins to form membrana granulosa

rim of a few rows of intersitial cells become epitheloid to form "theca" (cup of follicular cells)

increased fluid fragments the epithelium

Front 131

when do you see the oocyst isolated to mound of epithelial cells (cumulus oophorus)

Back 131

tertiary (antral) follicle

Front 132

when a mature follicle ruptures, wht is released

Back 132

oocyte and corona radiata released into the infundibulum of the oviduct

Front 133

______ produces progesterone for length of pregnancy

Back 133

corpora luteum

Front 134

the majority of follicles undergo

Back 134

apoptosis

Front 135

where do you find fimbria

Back 135

the luminal aspect of the infundibular portion of oviduct

Front 136

are there glands found in the submucosa of the oviduct?

Back 136

no

Front 137

muscularis of oviduct

Back 137

inner (longitudinal)

middle (circular)

outer (longitudinal)

Front 138

layers of the uterus (which is equivalent to mucosa, serosa, and muscularis)

Back 138

endometrium (mucosa)

myometrium (muscularis)

perimetrium (serosa)

Front 139

vestibular portion of vulva

Back 139

includes the clitoris

contains
- cavernous vascular tissue
- adipose
- smooth muscle
- surrounded by dense fibrous CT

Front 140

vulvar submucosa

Back 140

stratified squamous

richly innervated

Front 141

cervix luminal surface

Back 141

covered by goblets with some columnar kino-ciliated cells that transitions to stratified squamous epithelium distally