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338 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the anatomical position in veterinary medicine?
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standing on 4 limbs
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a structure closer to or further from the median plane is ____ or ____ respectively
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medial or lateral
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a part is ____ if it is in front of another part or cloer to the head
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cranial
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what head term corresponds to cranial in the rest of the body?
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rostral
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what surface of the body faces the ground?
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ventral
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what surfaces below the top (proximal end) of the carpus/ tarsus are directed toward the tail or ground?
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caudal
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what is the name of the surface opposite the palmar/ plantar surface?
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dorsal
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what is the term used for a part closer to or farther from a point of attachment or to the trunk, respectively?
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proximal or distal
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the term peripheral used for?
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a part distal from its point of origin or near the surface
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what are the terms for a structure closer to/ farther from the longitudinal axis of the limb?
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axial or abaxial
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what is the axis of a limb in relationship to the digitis?
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between 3rd and 4th digits
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what is the term for being closer to the outer surface of a structure?
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external or superficial
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what is the term for being closer to the center of a structure?
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internal or deep
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what plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?
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sagittal plane
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what sagittal diveds the body into equal right and left portions?
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median plane or mid-sagittal plane
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what plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts?
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transverse plane or cross section
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the body is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a ____ plane
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dorsal (frontal) plane
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what are sections?
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cuts through the planes of the body
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A ___ plane cuts an organ or limb at a right angle to its long axis. These are usually called ____ _____
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transverse/ cross sections
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what section cuts parallel to the long axis of an organ or limb?
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longitudinal section
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what section cuts though a transverse plane?
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transverse section or cross section
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the human term anterior correspond with what vet. term?
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cranial (limbs), rostral (face), and ventral (body)
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where are superior and inferior used in vet.
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for the eyes and some toher head structures, replacing dorsal and ventral, respectively.
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the human term posterior corresponds with ___ and ____.
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caudal (limbs and head), dorsal (body)
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the skeleton can be divided into ____ and ____ portions.
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axial and appendicular
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name the three parts of the axial skeleton
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skull, vertebral colomn, and thorax
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another name for the vertebral colomn is the
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spinal colomn/ backbone
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of what does the appendicular skeleton consist?
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limb bones and bones connecting them to the axial skeleton
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what connects the thoracic girdle to the axial skeleton?
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muscle attachments (synsarcosis) (clavicle is rudimentary)
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the arm (brachium) possesses what bone?
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humerus
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carpal bones make up what structure of the limb?
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carpus (wrist)
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the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits make up the
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pes
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what is the common name of the tarsus
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hock
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what makes up the hock or tarsus
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tarsal bones
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what bones make up the pelvic girdle
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two hip bones, sacrum, and first few caudal vertebrae
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the femur is located in which region of the pelvic limb?
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thigh
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give an example of each type of bone according to shape
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short (carpal or tarsal), flat (facial), irregular (vertebrae), sesamoid patella, long (limbs)
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what is the smooth layer of hyaline cartilage over the joint ends of bones
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articular cartilage
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what are the parts of a long bone
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two ends: epiphysis, body: diaphysis
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what joins the diaphysis to the epiphysis in mature bone?
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metaphysis
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in growing bone, where does lengthening take place?
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epiphyseal/ growth plate or physis
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name the fibrous covering of bone not covered by articular cartilage
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periosteum
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what layer of bone is necessary for bone growth, repair, nutrition, and attachment of ligaments and tendons
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periosteum
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what do radiologist often call the epiphyseal plate?
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physis
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the structure of bone can either ____ or ____
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compact or cancellous (spongy)
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what is the three dimensional lattice bone spicules of spony bone?
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trabeculae
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what is the name for the process of bone formation?
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osteogenesis
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what are the two possible methods of osteogenesis?
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intramembranous and endochondral (intracartilagenous)
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in endochondral ossification, where are the centers of ossification located?
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diaphysis and two epiphysis
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as the centers of ossification of long bones expand, they replace all the cartilagenous model, except which parts?
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epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
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lengthening of long bones occurs in what area?
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outer growth plates (epiphyseal side of plate)
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when does lengthening of long bones cease ?
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when cartilage cells cease to divide and physis is completely replace by bone.
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what are the two different types of growth plates? give an example of each
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traction (olecranon, calcaneus); compression (most of the rest)
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what is any prominent, roughened projection from a bone?
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process
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what is a large, knuckle-like articular prominence?
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condyle
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a ___ is a tube-like canal through a bone
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meatus
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what hte is pulley shaped structure of the femur?
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troclea
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what is the prominence above a condyle?
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epicondyle
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a ___ is an opening through a bone
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foramen
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what is the compostion of most long bones at birth?
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bone capped at both ends with articular cartilage, 2 cartilage discs between diaphysis, 2 epiphysis
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during growth how does the physis appear radiographically?
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as a radiolucent line (dark line)
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what should not be mistaken for fracutures radiographically/
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physeal lines or sesamoid bones
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structural classification groups joints according to their
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uniting medium
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what are the three types of uniting medium of joints?
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fibrous, cartilagenous, or synovial
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what functional classifications of joints indicate the degree of motion?
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immovable, slightly moveable, and freely moveable
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a suture is what type of structural joint? funtional (movement)?
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fibrous (immoveable)
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where are symphyseal joints found?
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generally in the midline of the body
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what ype of joint occurs between the bodies of most vertebrae?
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symphyseal- intervertebral disc
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what is the configuration of the shoulder joint?
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ball and socket
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list the three main joints of the carpus
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atebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpal joints
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during growth how does the physis appear radiographically?
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as a radiolucent line (dark line)
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what should not be mistaken for fracutures radiographically/
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physeal lines or sesamoid bones
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structural classification groups joints according to their
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uniting medium
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what are the three types of uniting medium of joints?
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fibrous, cartilagenous, or synovial
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what functional classifications of joints indicate the degree of motion?
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immovable, slightly moveable, and freely moveable
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a suture is what type of structural joint? funtional (movement)?
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fibrous (immoveable)
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where are symphyseal joints found?
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generally in the midline of the body
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what ype of joint occurs between the bodies of most vertebrae?
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symphyseal- intervertebral disc
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what is the configuration of the shoulder joint?
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ball and socket
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list the three main joints of the carpus
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atebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpal joints
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with what do the proximal ends of the ribs articulate? distal ends?
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thoracic vertebrae, sternum
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name the fibrocartilage between the bodies of adjacent vertebrea
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intervertebral discs
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what elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) ijn the dog
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nuchal ligament
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what elastic tissue fills the dorsal space (interarcuate space) between the arches of adjacent vertebrae?
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ligamentum flavum, interarcuate, or yellow ligament
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what connects the heads of a pair of opposite ribs, crossing the dorsal part of the intervertebral discs?
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intercapital ligament
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what is the relatively immoveable joint between the sacrum and the ilium
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sacroiliac joint
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name the ball and socket joint of the pelvic limb
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hip joint, coxofemoral or coxal joint
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what are the fibrocartilagenous discs between the condyles of the femur and tibia?
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medial and lateral menisci
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what is the compound condylar joint between the femur, patella, and tibia?
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stifle
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how are the cruciate ligaments that attach the femur and tibia named?
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for the attachments to the tibia
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list the four main joints of the hock/ tarsus
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tibiotarsal, tarsocrural or talocrural joint
proximal intertarsal (PIT) joint distal intertarsal (DIT) joint tarsometatarsal (TMt) joint |
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what structural type of joint is characterized by its mobility
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synovial
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what five things characterize a synovial joint?
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mobility, articular cartilage, joint capsule (synovial membrane and fibrous capsule), synovial fluid, joint cavity
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of wha does the joint capsule of a synovial joint consist?
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outer fibrous layer and inner synovial layer (membrane)
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what covers the articular ends of bones?
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articular cartilage, usually hyaline cartilage
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what is the nerve and vascular supply in articular cartilage?
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dosnet have any
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what supplies the nutrients and removes waste from hyaline cartilage?
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synovial fluid
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what are the strong bands of white fibrous tissue uniting bones?
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ligaments
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what plate of firbrocartilage partially or completely divides the joint cavity of the stifle and temporomandibular joint?
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meniscus or disc
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what sac-like structure is found between different tissues?
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bursa
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what is the function of the bursa?
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reduce friction between structures
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what structure, similar to bursa, is completely wrapped around a tendon?
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synovial sheath
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what is the function of the synovial sheath?
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reduces friction on a tendon and crosses a number of joints
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how are synovial joints classified by their number of articular surfaces?
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into simple or compound
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a ____ or _____ joint allows flexion and extension
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ginglymus or hinge
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what type of motion does a plane joint allow?
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simple gliding or sliding motion
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what type of synovial joint allows universal movement
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ball and socket/ spheriodal
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most of the joints of the thoracic and pelvic limb have what type of ligament? which joints dont?
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collateral ligaments, shoulder and hip
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define extensione and flexion
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extension: increases the angle between bones; flexion: decreases angle
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define supination and pronation
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supination: palmar surface dorsal; pronation: palmar surface ventral
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rotation is movement of a part around its ____ axis
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longitudinal axis
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what is movement of an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone?
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circumduction
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what motion moves a part forward
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protraction
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what is the blending of the spinal colomn dorsally or ventrally?
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dorsal or ventral flexion
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what are the different types of muscles?
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striated (skeletal and cardiac) and unstraiated (smooth) muscles
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what muscle types are involuntary?
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smooth or cardiac
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what are the flat muscles (abdominal muscles)?
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aponeroses
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what attach muscle to bone?
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tendon (running through the entire muscle)
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what structure attaches two bones?
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ligament
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what do muscles actions depend on ?
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how they cross a joint, number of joints crossed and shape of the oint
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what is the loose irregular connective tissue deep to the skin?
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superficial fascia, SQ tissue, hypodermis
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what is the fascia deep to the superficial facial surrounding and compartmentalizing the muscles?
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deep fascia
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what local thickening of the deep fascia hold tendons in place?
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retinaculum
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what are the two broad categories of thoracic limb muscle and what defines them?
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extrinsic: connect limb to body:
intrinsic: both attachments in limb |
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what nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
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suprascapular nerve
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what are the two main muscles of the arm and what are their actions?
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biceps brachii flex elbow
triceps brachii extend elbow |
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what nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus?
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radial nerve
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what are two groups of forearm muscles
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extensor of digits and carpus
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what is the insertion of DDF
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distal phalanges
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how do respiratory muscles work due to their location?
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inspiratory located cranially increase the size of the thorax by pulling ribs cranially and laterally (diaphragm moves caudally0
expiratory located caudally decrease thoracic volume by pulling ribs caudally and medially |
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what is the principal muscles of inspiration
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diaphragm
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what is the flat thin tendon called?
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aponerosis
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what ventral abdominal muscle is on either side of the linea alba?
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rectus abdominis muscle
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what is the rectus sheath?
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aporneuroses of the abdominal mm. around the rectus abdomis muscle
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what muscles cover the trachea ventrally?
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two paired "strap muscles" sternohyoideus and sternothyriodeus muscles
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what muscles are above and below the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
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epaxial muscles (above), hypaxial (below)
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what are extensors of the stifle and what innervates them?
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cranial thigh (quadriceps), femoral nerve
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what is the action and innervation of the medial thigh muscles
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adduction, obturator nerve
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where are the hamstrings muscles located
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caudal thigh
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what are the actions of the crural muscles?
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craniolateral: extensors of digits and flexor of the tarsus (extensors)
caudal: flexors of digits and extensors of the tarsus (flexors) |
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what is the innervation of the extensor muscles of the crus?
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craniolateral extensors: common fibular nerve
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what is the proper name of the arm pit?
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axilla
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what is the proper name of the arm?
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brachium
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with what is the word brachium easy to confuse?
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brachy (meaning short)
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what structure does the carpus, metacarpus, and digits compose?
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manus
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what is the area between the back legs on the stomach
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inguinal region
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where would you find the tibia and fibula?
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crus or true leg
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what is the distal part of the hind limb consisting of the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits called? what does it correspond to in humans?
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pes, foot
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what is the common name for the tarsus
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hock
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list 5 structures you should easily be able to palpate on the thoracic limb
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spine of scapula, acromion, point of shoulder, epicondyles, point of elbow
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what makes the point of the sholder
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greater tubercle
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what forms the point of the elbow?
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olecranon
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what forms the point of the hock?
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calcaneus bone
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what part of the body closes the pelvic outlet and is around the terminal parts o the urogenital and digestive tracts?
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perineum
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what are the whirls of hair in certain areas called?
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vortices singular vortex
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what are the long course hairs sensory to touch called?
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tactile or vibrissae
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what is another name for eyelids?
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palpebrae
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what is the upper and lower eyelids called, respectively?
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superior and inferior palpebrum
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what is the flap of skin inside of the medial part of the eyelids?
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third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
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how can you get the third eyelid to cross the eye for examination?
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open the palpebral fissure and press the eyeball through the upper lid.
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the skin consists of what two layers?
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epidermis and dermis
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name three structures consisting of common integuement
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sweat glands, skin, claws, hoof, horn, hair
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superficial fascia is another name for
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SQ
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the two layers of the skin (dermis and epidermis) lie on the
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subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia, subcutaneous, hypodermis, SQ or SC
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the ____ consists of collagenous and elastic connective tissue containing clood vessles, nerve fibers, glands and hair follicles.
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Dermis
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How does the epidermis receive nutrition?
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blood vessels in dermis
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what is the modified epidermis enclosing the dog's ungual process
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claw
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name the toughest skin of carnivores
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pads
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name a pathological, fluid-filled space between the epidermis
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blister
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what is the general structure rostral to the eyes called?
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muzzle
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what is capillary refill time?
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time for mucous membrane to regain its color after being pressed
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what remains of the entrance of the umbilical cord?
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umbilicus or belly button (faint scar)
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of what does the bony thorax consist?
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thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
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what is the opening into the thorax
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thoracic inlet (1st thoracic vertebra, right and left 1st ribs and sternum)
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where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
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(2nd) 3rd to (5th) 6th intercostal space ICS in the bottom 2/3rds of the cavity
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what is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs?
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intercostal space (ICS)
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what do the costal cartilages of the ribs caudal to the sternum form?
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costal arch
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name the cranial most sternabrae
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manubrium
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what is the caudal end of the sternum which is made of cartilage
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xiphoid process
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which touch, thickened common integument does a dog walk on?
|
foot pads
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what is the very large, single, triangular-shaped pad palmar to the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal junction?
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metacarpal/ metatarsal pad
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name the rudimentary first digits on the fore- and sometimes hind limbs
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dew claws
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how is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog?
|
retract arm and palpate lymph node deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus mm. just dorsal to level of acromion
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what is the flap of cartilage and skin of the visible part of the ear?
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pinna
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what are the two parts of the external ear canal?
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vertical and horizontal parts
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what is the pocket of skin in the caudal edge of the ear?
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cutaneous pouch
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what is the sac-like appendage housing the testicles?
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scrotum
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what is one or both testicles not descending into the scrotum called?
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cryptorchidism
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what is the sheath of skin covering the penis?
|
prepuce
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what is the external genitalia of the female?
|
vulva (labia plus clitoris)
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what is the female counterpart to the scrotum?
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labia
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where is the clitoris found?
|
in the ventral commissure of the labia
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what seperates the respiratory and digestive passages in the head?
|
hard and soft palates
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name the four types of permanent teeth and giver their abbreviations.
|
Incisiors (I), canine (C), Premolars (PM), and molars (M)
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what is the common passageway for digestive and respiratory system?
|
Pharynx (throat)
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what are the three division of the pharynx
|
oro-, naso-, and laryngopharynx
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name the lymphoid tissue in the lateral wall of the oropharynx
|
palatine tonsil
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to which side of the trachea does the esophagus incline in the middle of the neck?
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left
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what opens at the junction between the skin and mucous membrane at base of alar fold just inside the nostril (nasal vestibule)
|
nasolacrimal duct
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what is the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal concha and the hard palate?
|
ventral nasal meatus
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what is the unpaired hyoid bone that crosses the midline?
|
basihyoid bone
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what does the pull of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle on the muscular process of the arytenioid cartilage do?
|
swings vocal process and vocal cords laterally, thus, opening glottic cleft.
|
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what is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft?
|
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
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what is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?
|
glottic cleft
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what senses pass through the thalamus?
|
all senses, except smell, including touch, nociception (pain), proprioception
|
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what functions of the thalamus are of clinical significance?
|
behavior, postural reaction, vision
|
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how do the abdominal muscles attach to the linea alba
|
by aponeuroses (flat tendons)
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what is the rectus sheath?
|
aponeuroses of the abdominal mm. around the rectus abdominis m., meet/ fuse at the linea alba
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which rectus sheath is most clinically important?
|
external rectus sheath
|
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how does the cavity of the bony thorax relate to the thoracic cavity?
|
larger, dome of diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space (encases abdomen)
|
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the descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?
|
RIGHT
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list the parts of the large intestine
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cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
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where is the cecum located?
|
right side (right caudal quadrant)
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list three different types of peritoneum
|
parietal, visceral, and connecting
|
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how are mesenteries (connecting peritoneum) named?
|
meso + organ connected
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where are the ovaries located in carnivores?
|
caudal to kidneys in the sublumbar region
|
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what is the suspensory ligament ligament in carnivores?
|
part of the broad ligament connecting the ovary to the last 1 or 2 ribs
|
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list the three parts of the uterus
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cervix, body, horns
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what suspends the female reproductive tract in the abdomen?
|
broad ligament (connecting peritoneum)
|
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|
describe the cat scrotum's location and appearance
|
perineal (close to anus) densely covered by hair
|
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what is the relationship of the ductus deferens to the uteters?
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loloops dorsally over ureters ("water under bridge")
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what is the inguinal canal?
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passageway through caudal abdominal wall
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what is the superficial inguinal ring?
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slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle (EAO)
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what extend from the superficial inguinal ring to the testicle?
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spermatic cord
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name the three main parts of the vaginal tunic
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visceral, parietal, and connecting vaginal tunic
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what serosa connects the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics?
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mesorchium (connecting vaginal tunic)
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the vaginal cavity is continuous with the ____ at the vaginal ring
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peritoneal cavity
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on what side of the spermatic cord is the ductus deferns?
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medial
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what is the vaginal ring?
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point of evagination of peritoneum though inguinal canal, forming opening between peritoneal and vaginal cavities
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what is the only accessory sex gland in the dog?
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prostate (if ampulla of ductus deferns not included)
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what cutaneous sheath surrounds the end of the quiescent penis?
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prepuce or sheath
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what vessels travel toward the heart
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veins
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what is the definition of an artery?
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vessels that travel away from the heart
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what vein returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranial part of the thoracic cavity walls to the right atrium?
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cranial vena cava
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what vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb?
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caudal vena cave
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what are the chambers of the heart in the order they receive blood?
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right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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what side of the heart is part of the pulmonary circulation?
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right side
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what side of the heart is part of the systemic circulation?
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left side
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what carries blood from the right heart to the lungs?
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pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
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what returns blood from teh lungs to the left side of the heart?
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pulmonary veins
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what is the outflow of the heart (left side) to the body?
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aorta
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in the carnivores, what are the branches of the aortic arch
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brachiocephalic and left subclavian
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what arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face?
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common carotid arteries
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what vein returns blood from the head and neck?
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external jugular veins
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what part of the aorta is divided into thoracic and and abdominal parts?
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descending aorta
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what is the main artery in the brachium?
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brachial artery
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where is the cephalic vein located?
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on the cranial surface of the arm
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name the three unpaired branches to the abdominal viscera of the abdominal aorta?
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celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries
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name the main branches of the terminal aorta
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2 external iliacs, 2 internal iliacs and 1 median sacral arteries
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what terminal branch of the aorta supplies the pelvic viscera and part of the hip and thigh?
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internal iliac artery
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what are the terminal branches of the internal iliac artery?
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internal pudendal and caudal gluteal aa.
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what is the main branch to the pelvic viscera? and specifically the uterus?
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vaginal or prostatic artery; uterine artery off vaginal
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what vessels supply the ventral abdominal wall? Where do they run?
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cranial and caudal epigastric aa. on the ventral abdomen, on either side of the midline
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what termination branch of the aorta is the main supply to the pelvic limb?
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external iliac artery
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what is the direct continuation of the external ililac artery out of the abdominal cavity to the pelvic limb for which it is the main supply?
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femoral artery
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what are the superficial veins of the pelvic limb
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medial and lateral saphenous vv.
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what is the main branch of the vaginal artery
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uterine artery
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what is the blood supply to the uterus in carnivores?
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uterine artery and uterine branch of the ovarian artery
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what is the vascular supply to the ovary?
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ovarian artery and vein in mesovarium
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where do the ovarian or testicular veins drain?
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right: into caudal vena cava; left: left renal vein (to avoid crossing aorta)
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what vein is on the either side of the ventral surface of the tongue?
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lingual vein, the sublingual vein is on the floor of the mouth
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how is the nervous system divided functionally?
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somatic (body) and autonomic (ANS, visceral system) nervous systems
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how is the nervous system dividied structurally?
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central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)
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what functional division of the NS keep the body in balance with its external and internal environment, respectively?
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external: somatic
internal: autonomic (ANS) |
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what are the two parts of the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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what are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia
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what are the two impulses of the nervous system?
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sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
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what are the aggregations of nerve cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?
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CNS: nucleus
PNS: ganglion |
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what is gray matter?
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part of the nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies
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what is white matter?
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part of nervous tissue consisting mainly of myelinated nerve fibers
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what is a nerve?
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a bundle of nerve processes outside CNS
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what are nerve tracts or fasciculi
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nerve fiber bundles of common origin in the brain and spinal cord
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how does the ANS work?
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without conscious effort to maintain the homeostasis of the organism
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what structures does the ANS regulate?
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smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
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what is the function of each division of the ANS?
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Parasympathetic: energy conserving (couch potato)
Sympathetic: energy expending (fight or flight) |
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where do the two divisions of the ANS arise?
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S: thoracolumbar outflow
P:craniosacral |
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how does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?
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two lower motor (efferent) neurons instead of one
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what are the two lower motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system?
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preganglionic and postganglionic
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what is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax and most of the abdomen?
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vagus nerve- cranial nerve 10
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what nervous structures pass from the spinal cord to the periphery?
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spinal nerves (LMN)
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where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column?
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intervertebral foramen
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what arises from the spinal cord to form a spinal nerve?
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dorsal and ventral roots
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what type of nerve fibers pass through dorsal and ventral roots?
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Dorsal: sensory
Ventral: motor |
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what spinal root carries motor nerve fibers from cell bodies in the spinal cord to muscles and glands?
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ventral root
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what ares do the ventral and dorsal motor branches of the spinal nerves supply?
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ventral: muscles ventral to transverse process
dorsal: muscles dorsal to transverse processes, sensory not exactly the same |
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ventral branches of spinal nerves interlace to form ?
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plexuses
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what plexus supplies some of the extrinsic and all of the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb?
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brachial
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the ventral branches of the thoracic nerves do not form a plexus, but pass in the intercostal spaces as ____ nerves.
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thorax
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what plexus supplies the abdominal wall, pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump, and perineum?
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lumbosacral plexus
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name the 5 functional divisions of the spinal cord
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1-cervical C1-5
2-brachial (C6-T2) 3-thoracolumbar (T3-L3) 4-pelvic limb (L4-S1) 5- sacral and caudal (S2-Can) |
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what is the central H shaped mass of the spinal cord cross section?
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gray matter (cell bodies give color)
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of what does white matter of the spinal cord consist?
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myelinated axons running up and down the cord
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what are ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
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myelinated afferent axons, sensory information, myelinated efferent axons, upper motor neurons (UMN), motor fibers
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where does the spinal cord end in the dog? cat?
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dog: body of vertebrae L6 (6-7)
cat: above sacrum |
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where are upper motor neurons located?
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In CNS, descending to synapse with LMN
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where are LMN located ?
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extending away from spinal cord and brain to muscles or glands (form nn.)
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are spinal nerves lower or upper motor neurons?
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LMN
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what does the efferent neuron (LMN) of a reflex arc connect?
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spinal cord with muscles or glands
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what is the function of most UMN?
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inhibit spontaneous activity of LMN until and action desired
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what is the function of proprioceptive fibers?
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peripheral nn., spinal cord, brain stem to cerebellum and cerebrum
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what is a dermatome? autonomous zone?
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area of skin innervated by a nerve, only 1 spinal nerve, respectively.
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what two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
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supraspinatus and infraspinatus
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what innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?
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lateral thoracic nerve
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what nerve innervates the flexor of the elbow and thus necessary for weight bearing?
|
radial nerve
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what nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digits?
|
radial nerve (extensor nerve)
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what is the cutaneous innervation of the paw of the ulnar nerve?
|
abaxial 5th (lateral digit)
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what is the large nerve crossing the heart to the diaphragm?
|
phrenic nerve
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what nerve supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall?
|
intercostal nn. (ventral branches of the thoracic nn.)
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what nerve supplies motor innervation to the adductors of the thigh?
|
obturator nerve
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what nerve innervates the extensors of the pelvic limb? Cutaneous innervation of this nerve?
|
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
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what is the cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?
|
saphenous nerve to medial limb
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what nerve is required to bear weight on the pelvic limb?
|
femoral nerve (L4-6), extends to the stifle
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name the cranial nerves
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olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
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what cranial nerve is entirely sensory (special sensory), dealing with vision?
|
Optic nerve (cranial Nerve 2)
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what cranial nerves move the eye?
|
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
|
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what is the function of the parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve?
|
motor involuntary/ smooth mm. of eye (near focus lens and constrict pupil)
|
|
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what does the trigeminal nerve innervate (CrN5)?
|
sensory to most of the head by 3 branches and muscles of mastication by mandibular division
|
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what does the facial nerve (CrN7) innervate?
|
muscles of facial expression (including obicularis oculi and eyelids), lacrimal gland (ANS) and taste
|
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what does the auriculopalpebral nerve (br. of CrN 7) innervate?
|
eyelids and ear mm.
|
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what are most important functions of the facial nerve clinically?
|
motor to obicularis oculi m. and lacrimal gland (dry eye)
|
|
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where are the buccal branches of the facial nerve?
|
cross masseter m. laterally and superfically
|
|
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what is the trigeminal/ facial reflex arc?
|
trigeminal nerve: sensory component/ facial nerve: motor component
|
|
|
what is the eight cranial nerve? with what does it deal?
|
vestibulococchlear nerve, hearing and balance/ motion
|
|
|
what cranial nerve carries autonomic nerve fibers between the brain and the viscera of the thorax and abdomen?
|
vagus
|
|
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what motor nerve carries autonomic nerve fibers between the brain and the viscera of the thorax and abdomen?
|
vagus
|
|
|
what motor nerves supply the phalynx to aid in swallowing?
|
vagus (X) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nn.
|
|
|
what is the recurrent laryngeal nerve? what does it innervate?
|
Branch of vagus, arises in thorax and extends back to larynx to innervate skeletal mm. of larynx, including cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
|
|
|
what clinically important nerves pass through the middle ear?
|
facial nerve and sympathetic fibers
|
|
|
what type of nerve is the hypoglossal (CrN 12)? what does it innervate?
|
motor nerve (somatic)
tongue mm. |
|
|
how is the brain divided functionally?
|
cerebrum/ diencephalon (forebrain), brainstem, vestibular system & cerebellum
|
|
|
what makes up the forebrain and what is its function?
|
cerebrum and diencephalon (higher functions and controls ANS and endocrine)
|
|
|
what is responsible for consciousness and arousal? Where is it located?
|
reticular activation system (RAS), brainstem
|
|
|
list three clinically significant parts of the brainstem
|
cranial nn. 3-12, vital centers and reticular activating system
|
|
|
name the three vital reflex centers in the brainstem
|
cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory
|
|
|
what is the function of the cerebellum?
|
coordinate movements, maintain equilibrium, and maintain posture
|
|
|
what is the function of the vestibular system?
|
controls pressure and balance
|
|
|
for lesion localization, what can the vestibular system be divided?
|
peripheral vestibular part (inner ear), central vestibular portion (brain stem), and centers in the cerebellum
|
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|
what does the contralateral and ipsilateral mean?
|
contralateral: opposite side
Ipsilateral: same side |
