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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Post Weaning:
-DDx for weaner ill thrift |
Nutrition:
-malnutrition: energy;* protein;* roughage (improved pasture vs. unimproved pasture) -trace element deficiencies (copper, cobalt, Se, Phosphorus) -mineral deficiencies (P) -sand impaction -roughage impaction Management -stocking rate -grazing competition -order of grazing -mean weaning age -mean time of weaning (season) -age of dam Genetic factors: -breed type -dam's milking ability -sex -growth potential -inherited defects (Mannosidoisis; generalized glycogenesis; cerebellar hypoplasia Environmental factors: -tropics -sub tropics -temperate zone -current season (rainfall, pasture growth) Internal Parasites and Infectious Agents Toxins; -plant (bracken fern, cycads (Zamia), Lantana) -mycotoxins (Aspergillus sp., Pithomyces sp.) -metals (lead, arsenic) Physical Causes -permanent tooth eruption |
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Post Weaning:
-Copper Deficiency -Aetiology |
-high rainfall, coastal sandy soils and also inland sandy soils
-primary: dietary inadequate intake -secondary: intake adequate but utilisation is reduced by Mb, Fe, S levels |
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Post Weaning:
-Copper Deficiency -CS |
-ill thrift
-diarrhoea -decreased hair pigmentation -anaemia (chronic) |
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Post weaning:
-Cobalt deficiency -CS |
-ill thrift
-pale coat colour (depigmentation) -depraved appetite-bark and soil intake -anaemia in late stages -Cu and Co deficiency often affect weaners in combination with poor nutrition and internal parasitism |
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Post weaning
-Cu and Co deficiency -samples needed for Assay |
-soil
-plant tissues -blood-clin path, PCV, Hb etc. -liver (biopsy, abattoir recovery -therapeutic Dx |
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Post weaning:
Co and Cu deficiency -Tx/Prevention |
Fertilizer additives (most practical)**
Rumen pellets=4-6 mo coverage (difficult in cattle) Injections (Cu glycinate-toxic potential; Vit B12 LA form-4 mths coverage) Lick blocks (back up-do not know if all animals will use) drinking water (variable intake but works OK) |
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Post weaning:
-Se deficiency -Effects in cattle |
-calf deaths - weak at birth or born dead or die soon after birth
-weak calves - scouring -poor growth preweaning -poor growth post weaning (ill thrift) -cow infertility -decreased immunity (susceptible-mastitis) |
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Post weaning:
-Se deficiency -Dx |
-White Muscle Disease (confirmed at necropsy
--serum glutathione peroxidase -Histopath: heart wall necrotic lesions, muscle lesions-particularly semi-membranosis and semi-tendonosis; muscles of hind legs |
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Post weaning:
-Se deficiency -Tx |
-selenium 'pour on' OR
-injection OR -selenium rumen pellets orally (difficult to admin) |
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Post weaning:
-Se deficiency -Prevention |
-selenium chips to fertiliser applied to pasture paddock in rotation
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Post Weaning:
-Phosphorus deficiency -Cattle affected in order of importance |
1. weaners (actively growing)
2. first calf lactating cows (still growing) 3. lactating cows 4. grown steers s years + 5. bulls (dry stock) |
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Post Weaning:
-Phosphorus deficiency -CS |
-bone chewing or pica which can result in botulism (mortalities)
-lameness + stiff gait -ill thrift due to decreased appetite -decreased matabolic efficiency |
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Post Weaning:
-Phosphorus deficiency -Dx |
-Area knowledge
-bone chewing + lameness -20 animals-blood-inorg. P Def if <3mg/100mL *rib bone biopsy |
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Post Weaning:
-Phosphorus deficiency -prevention |
super phosphate fertiliser applied to paddocks
-dry licks containing P -vaccine |
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Post Weaning:
-Phosphorus deficiency -Supplement When? What cattle in order of supplementation? Other treatments? |
When-during wet season when deficiency is more pronounced
What cattle (in order of priority) -weaners (esp. replacement heifers) -young pregnant and lactating breeders -lactating cows Important to vaccinate against botulism type C & D |
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List the procedures for investigating weaner ill thrift
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1. Area knowledge
-determine common soil deficiencies in the region (e.g minerals, trace elements) 2. Environment -season-annual rainfall, pasture growth, pasture quality and quantity 3. Management -stocking rate -order of grazing stock -time and length of calving -time of weaning -weaner supp. feeding -txs ext. and int. parasites (type, frequency, vacc. hx) Examine: affected/healthy weaners (full clinical exam), live weights of weaners, CS of weaners |
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Respiratory diseases
-DDx |
Infectious Agents
1. Bacterial *Tuberculosis * Actinobacillosis *Mannheimia spp. *Necrobacillosis *Lung abscess 2. Viral *Pestivirus (Mucosal Disease) *IBR *Parainfluenza 3 (NB: viral agents, pasteurella and Mannheimia spp combine to cause BRD) Physical Causes -aspiration or FB pneumonia Feed related causes -bovine interstitial pneumonia (hypersensitivity) Toxic Agents -ergotism Parasitic Agents -Lungworm |
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Bovine TB
-Describe Caudal fold intradermal tuberculin test for diagnosis of bovine TB |
-careful intradermal injection of 0.1mL of tuberculin is made into the free edge of the caudal fold of the tail
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Bovine TB
-Describe the comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test for diagnosis of bovine TB |
-avian or atypical mycobateria are causing positive caudal fold reactions rather than M. bovis
-middle third of neck, hair clipped at 2 sites (10cm apart) -skin thickness measured and recorded -Bovine PPD injected into one site and Avian PPD into the other -skin thickness remeasured after 72 hours -any palpable oedema = positive test result |
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Actinobacillosis (Resp.)
-CS |
-advanced lesions from wooden tongue
-affect retropharyngeal lymph nodes OR bronchial LNs OR mediastinal LNs AND lung tissue |
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Actinobacillosis (Resp.)
-Dx |
-LRT: only at necropsy
-PE: manual examination of retropharyngeal lymph nodes of oral cavity; careful auscultation of thorax. -differentiate from TB if applicable w. tuberculin test |
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Actinobacillosis (Resp.)
-Lab samples |
-sections of lesions in formal saline for histopath
-pipettes or sections of lesions unpreserved for culture |
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Actinobacillosis (Resp.)
-Tx |
-sodium OR potassium iodide PO /ethylene diamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) IV
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-prevention |
vaccination prior to transport
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Pestivirus disease -effect -prevention |
-immunosuppression
-Pestigard vaccination |
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 1.Cause 2. Clinical findings |
1. Bovine Herpes virus 1.2
2. (mostly subclinical) -dyspnoea -raised temp up to 42 -sunken flanks (anorexia) -serous nasal and ocular discharge (often becomes purulent) -conjunctivitis -shallow ulcers on nasal mucosa -red necrotic area on the muzzle -reduced weight gain -reduced milk yield |
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -Necropsy lesions |
-lungs normal
-lesions confined to URT -congestion and swelling of nasal mucosa and a severe fibro-purulent exudate -erosions occur on the mucosa of the trachea |
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -Dx |
-clinical signs
-virus isolated from nasal secretions |
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -Prevention |
-vaccination (Rhinogard)
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Parainfluenza 3 -Dx |
-paramyxovirus endemic
-no clinical features diagnotic -rise in antibody titres in paired sera samples is indicative of recent infection |
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Bovine Respiratory disease complex
-Parainfluenza 3 -CS |
Respiratory signs predominate:
-fever 40-42oC -increased RR -depression and reduced feed intakes -later dyspnoea may be pronounced and on occasion SC emphysema and sub mandibular oedema may occur |
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Respiratory Disease
-BRD: Parainfluenza 3 -Tx |
-based on controlling secondary bacterial infections
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Respiratory Disease
-BRD: Pasteurellosis -Hx |
-calves in calf rearing sheds
-recently weaned beef calves Common trigger stress factors: -weaning during inclement weather -transport/movement through saleyards -poor nutrition, sudden change in nutrition -cold, wet, windy weather -dairy calves 4-20 weeks |
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Respiratory Disease
-BRD: Pasteurellosis -CS |
-depression and anorexia
-fever 40-41oC -high RR (i.e 60-80+) -harsh cough -mucopurulent nasal discharge -ocular discharge -dyspnoea (list of signs progressive from initial signs to advanced lung lesions) |
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Respiratory Disease
-BRD: Pasteurellosis -Tx |
-broad spectrum a/b (penicillins ineffective)
-NSAIDs |
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Respiratory Disease
-BRD: Pasteurellosis -Prevention |
-killed vaccine: Bovilis MG (Mannheimia)
-control calf shed pneumonia: good hygiene and husbandry, good ventilation, isolate newly purchased calves, early detection of affected animals |
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Respiratory diseases:
Lung abscessation -CS |
-chronic
-gradual loss of condition and milk yield and frequent short, sharp coughs, fluctuating temperature and toxaemia -multiple small abscesses cause dyspnoea |
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Respiratory diseases:
Lung abscessation -Dx |
-Hx of a previous accident followed by gradual weight loss and chronic cough
-may need to differentiate from TB w/ tuberculin test |
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Respiratory diseases:
Lung abscessation -Tx |
-a/b usually unsuccessful
-try 8 day course of Ceftiofur, timicosin or oxytet. |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Aspiration pneumonia -CS |
-<24h
-cattle recumbent and unable to rise -acute dyspnoea -mucopurulent nasal discharge -low temp after an intial rise -severe depression due to toxaemia -often sequel to hypocalcaemia-may have rumen contents on the ground in front of them |
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Respiratory diseases:
Aspiration Pneumonia -Dx |
-Hx and CS
-auscultation: crackles and wheezes (primarily ant. lung lobes) |
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Respiratory diseases
-Aspiration pneumonia -Tx |
-early: parenteral penicillin or TMS, chloramphenicol, ceftiofur
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Respiratory diseases:
-Hyperthermia due to ergotism -CS |
-hyperthermia (temp 40oC +)
-increased RR (initially) -clear nasal discharge -excessive salivation -inappetance |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Hyperthermia due to ergotism -Control and prevention |
Control: screening grain and removing ryegrass seeds
Prevention: examine grain and only purchase clean grain |
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Respiratory diseases:
Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia -Aetiology |
hypersensitivity:
-inhalation of antigens (e.g dust, fungal spores) (AU) -fog fever: EU, housed cattle changed from dry feed to lush green pastures -respiratory form of rape poisoning (CANADA) -inhalation of irritants |
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Respiratory diseases:
Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia -General signs |
-severe respiratory embarrassment w/o toxaemia
-elevated RR (45-70/min) -rapid HR (90-150) -loud, dry bronchial tones -wheezes and crackles |
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Respiratory diseases:
Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia -Necropsy lesions |
+/- SC oedema
-LUNGS FAIL TO COLLAPSE -all lung lobes-interstitial emphysema -bronchi clear of purulent material -intra alveolar fibrosis -no evidence of consolidation (which would indicate infection) |
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Respiratory diseases:
Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia -Tx |
-remove from cause
-NSAIDs (flunixin IV) -a/b cover (if necessary) -+/- bronchodilators Control: investigate cause |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Lungworm -Organism |
Dictyocaulus viviparous
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Respiratory diseases:
-Lungworm -CS |
-diarrhoea (first)
-temp normal or slightly elevated -RR and depth increased -tenacious mucous discharge from nose -coughing (frequent and paroxysmal after exercise) -abnormal lung sounds w/ consolidation and bronchitis ventrally and emphysema dorsally -rapid weight loss |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Lungworm -Dx |
-discovery of larvae in faeces OR
-eggs and larvae in the sputum or nasal discharge |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Lungworm -Tx |
-macrocyclic lactones
-fenbendazole |
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Respiratory diseases:
-Lungworm -Control |
-reduce source of larvae by not grazing young, susceptible cattle on contaminated pasture
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Approach to diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract
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1. Area knowledge
2. Written history -previous cattle diseases -purchasing of cattle? -internal parasite control program -feed supplements? -vaccination status (e.g IBR vaccine) 3. Assess environmental factors for stress -climate -nutrition -ergotised ryegrass -transport -facilities 4. Examine affected animals (full PE) 5. DDx list, rule in/rule out 6. Collect specimens and carry out necessary tests. |
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Sudden Death/Found Dead syndrome
-DDx |
Management
-none Infectious -Bacterial: blackleg, anthrax, clostridium Nutritional -bloat, grain overload, malnutrition, fattly liver, preg tox Unknown -none Toxic/Trace element deficiency -ionophores, Cu, lead, arsenic, OPs, 1080, snake bite/white muscle disease Environmental -none Metabolic -hypoMg, hypoCa, ketogenic silage (all periparturient) Neoplasia -none Physical/Parasitic -gunshot, lightning, VSDs, phyto/trichobezoars/Ostertagiasis, Haemonchosis, Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis Genetic -inherited cardiomyopathy (Friesians) |
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Necropsy lesions associated with Clostridial diseases and other bacterial agents causing sudden death due to septicaemia (incl. neurotoxins)
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-rapid decomposition
-SC blood vessels injected -bloody or yellow coloured serosanguinous fluid (mainly in pericardial sac-often in all body cavities) -enlarged and congested body lymph nodes -petechial haemorrhages (sub endocardium, sub pericardium) |
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Procedure for removal of a brain in the field:
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1. nose tongs w/ animal in sternal-pull head towards flank and tie rope tightly around hock
2. cut around ears (leave attached) and across frontal bone and undermine skin in a line above the base of the ears and behind the eyes 3/. make a single saw cut across the skull cranial to the external auditory openings 4. hinge open the skull and remove brain attachments w/ blunt tipped scissors 5. remove brain in two half sections |
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Diagnosis of Primary Bloat at Necropsy (8)
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1. carcase obviously bloated and rapidly decomposes
2. eyes prominent, conjunctiva congested to haemorrhagic 3. Engorgement of anterior thoracic organs as a result of severe abdominal compression 4. look for 'bloat line' in the oesophagus, congested thoracic lymph nodes, blanched abdominal lymph nodes 5. ecchymotic haemorrhanges of the mucosa in the nasal cavity 6. haemorrhages in the tonsillar crypts 7. ecchymotic haemorrhages in and around the trachea 8. eccymosis of the epicardium |
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Diagnostic approach to sudden death
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1. Area Knowledge
2. History (time on pasture, type of pasture, vacc status, etc.) 3. DDx list 4. Necropsy |
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Sudden death syndromes lab samples for collection
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-liver, kidney, abomasal contents, rument contents, suspect feed sample, ileal and duodenal contents (chilled); smears of lesions (heat fixed), brain, liver, kidney, heart, any lesion (all fixed in formaline)
-clotted blood from heart serum (chilled) -vitreous humor -urine |
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Anaemia, Jaundice and Redwater
-DDx |
Infectious:
-Bacterial (L.pomona, Cl hemolytica_ Nutrition: -energy/protein deficiency -Cu deficiency (Co deficiency, post parturient haemoglobinuria) Toxins: -chronic copper poisoning -bracken fern -lantana toxicity Parasites: -Internal: worms, fluke, coccidia -External: ticks, lice -Blood: anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Theileriosis Physical: -haemorrhage, abomasal ulceration |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-Cause |
-ration low in phosphorus
-within 2-4 weeks of calving -high demands lactation |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-CS |
-acute haemolytic anaemia
-haemoglobinuria -weak-depressed milk yield -moderate temp rise >39oC -anoxia -ketosis -3-5 day course -recumbency>>death -jaundice (variable) |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-Dx |
-CS, Hb uria
-Hx cow, no ticks |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-Clin path |
low PCV and Hb
low blood inorganic Phos. |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-Necropsy |
-anaemic carcass
-jaundice -fatty liver -red urine -spleen normal (diff. from blood borne parasites) |
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Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria
-Tx |
I/V fluids/transfusion if in shock
Na acid phosphate + glucose + Ca dicalcium phosphate (drench/add to ration) |
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Anaplasmosis
-CS |
-severe, but slowly progressive anaemia, anoxia and weakness
-rapid RR -increased HR -marked drop in milk output -jaundice (late) |
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Anaplasmosis
-Necropsy |
-pale +/- jaundiced tissues
-water blood -enlarged, soft, pulpy spleen -liver enlarged and mottled a yellow brown colour (Main DDx: Babesia) |
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Anaplasmosis
-Tx |
-oxytet IM
-imidocarb -blood transfusion if PCV <8-10% and Hb >4gm% |
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Babesiosis
-CS |
-Babesia bovis/Babesia bigemina (vector: Boophilus microplus)
-cattle 9 mo to 3 years -high temp up to 42 -high RR -anaemia -jaundice -haemoglobinuria -death -nervous signs (cerebral infection) |
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Babesiosis
-Dx |
-history of non-immune cattle in the tick zone
-blood: low PCV, low Hb -tick infested region -ID on blood smear |
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Babesiosis
-Tx |
imidocarb SC or IM
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Bracken fern toxicity
1. Subacute form CS |
1. weaners-after grazing fern for about 3 weeks
-initially loss of condition -depression -blood streaked seromucoid nasal discharge -melena -haemorrhages under mucosal membrane -anaemia (leukopenia) -pyrexia -haematuria |
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Bracken fern toxicity
2. Chronic form CS |
-haematuria
-emaciation -anaemia (ascites, submandibular oedema) -septicaemia in resp tract infections due to secondary immunodeficiency |
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Bracken fern toxicity
-Dx |
Area knowledge (seasonal factors, age groups, CS, clin path)
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Bracken fern toxicity
-Tx |
1. Subacute:
-whole blood transfusions -IV fluids -a/b 2. Chronic: -no Tx (likely neoplasia affecting bladder) |
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Bracken fern toxicity
-Control |
-fertilise w/ superphosphate
-chemical spray control |
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Leptospirosis
-epidemiology |
-cattle carriers of L hardjo
-pigs carriers fo L pomona -survive well in wet conditions -passed in urine -org. penetrate mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes and abraded skin |
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Leptospira pomona
-CS (adults, calves) |
Adults:
-depression -fever -haemoglobinuria -anaemia -panting -jaundice -sudden and severe drop in milk output -milk may be blood tinged -pregnant cows may abort 6-12 weeks after infectino Calves: Acute form: -sudden onset -CS similar to adult cows Sub acute: -fever and depression not so marked -haemoglobinuria and some icterus -anaemia -may continue to feed whilst infected |
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Leptospira pomona
-Necropsy lesions |
-icterus and enlargement of the liver
-kidneys are dark and frequently show petechial haemorrhages -petechiation of thymus -haemorrhages my be present in the endocardium and heart muscle |
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Leptospira pomona
-Dx |
CS, rule out other causes of icterus and redwater
-serology, micro-agglutination test -urine tests (dark field microscopy, immunofluorescent antibody tests, PCR) |
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Leptospira pomona
-Tx |
Oxytet IM bid
Streptomycin IM (NB long withholding period) |
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Leptospira pomona
-prevention |
- isolate all affected cattle
-vaccination |
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Chronic copper poisoning
-CS |
diarrhoea
jaundice haemolytic anaemia haemoglobinuria death |
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Chronic copper poisoning
-Tx |
remove from toxic source, surviving cattle will suffer chronic ill thrift=CULL
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Approach to diagnosis-anaemia, jaundice, redwater
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1. Area knowledge (ticks, toxic plants, other toxins-Cu, infectious agents-Lepto.pomona)
2. Clinical pathology samples 3. Necropsies (liver, blood, brain, spleen, heart, bone marrow, total worm count) |
