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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vertebrates |
With a backbone 52,000 species Subphylum of the chordata phylum Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord Elaborate skull |
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Chordates |
Have a notochord and hollow neural tube Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail Nerve cord develops into brain and spinal cord |
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Notochord |
Longitudinal, flexible rod by digestive tube and nerve chord Skeletal support |
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Pharyngeal Slits |
Grooves or slits in the pharynx Inverts - suspension feeding structures Verts - gills for gas exchange (aquatic) or develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck (terrestrial) |
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Post-anal tail |
Tail extending posterior to anus Propelling force in fish Other species lose this as an embryo |
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Tunicates |
Sea squirts Marine suspension feeders Resemble chordates during larval stage (may be as brief as a few minutes) As an adult, draws in water to filter food particles |
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Lancelets |
Blade-like shape (5 cm) Marine suspension feeders Larvae - swim up and then sink, catching plankton as they go down Adults - burrow up and siphon feed |
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Craniates |
Chordates that have a head Skull, eyes, brain, and other sensory organs Neural crest (gives rise to skull) |
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Hagfishes |
Jawless marine craniates Cartilaginous skull and axial rod - teeth and eyes Scavengers - eat dead fish and worms Secrete slime for protection Lack vertebrate 10-60 cm long |
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Lampreys |
Jawless vertebrates Freshwater and marine Cartilagenous skeleton around notochord Parasitic to large fish (teeth to hang on and dig in) Grow up to several feet long |
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Gnathostomes |
Jawed vertebrates Larger brains More developed sight and smell |
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Sharks, Rays, and Relatives |
Skeleton primarily of cartilage Predators and suspension feeders Oil gland for buoyancy Ratfishes - eat sea urchins and molluscs |
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Sharks |
Streamlined body - dorsal fin stabilizes - fast Can lay eggs, or have embryos develop internally Acute senses |
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Rays |
Flattened body Bottom dwellers Eat molluscs and crustaceans |
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Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-fins |
Bony fishes Vast majority of vertebrates Control buoyancy with swim bladder (air sac) Oviporous (lay eggs) Predators Fish breathes by drawing water over 4-5 paris of gills (covered by protective bony flap - operculum) |
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Ray-Finned Fishes |
Most familiar aquatic osteichthyans Fins for maneuvering, defense |
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Lobe-Fins |
Muscular and pectoral fins Coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods Lungfishes can breathe air |
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Tetrapods |
Gnathostomes with limbs and feet Some have ears for hearing Some have fingers and toes |
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Amphibians |
Cutaneous respiration - complements lungs in gas exchange (moist skin) Aquatic or terrestrial (damp habits) Oviporous (some lay lots, others few) Urodela - salamanders Anura - frogs and toads Apoda - caecilians Metamorphosis into terrestrial adult from aquatic larvae |
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Amniotes |
Tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg - specialized membranes protect embryo Reptiles, birds, mammals Terrestrial adaptations - relatively impermeable skin; ability to use the rib cage to ventilate lungs |
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Reptiles |
Tuatara, lizards, snakes Turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs Scales create waterproof barriers Lay shelled eggs on land Most are ectothermic (cold-blooded) - external heat as main source of body heat Birds are endothermic (warm-blooded) - keep body warm through metabolism |
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Tuatara - Lepidosaurs |
Lizard-like reptiles from New Zealand Eat small lizards, birds, eggs Up to 50 cm long Live up to 100 years |
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Lizards |
Most numerous reptile 16 mm to 3 m in size Predators - can be poisonous Egg-laying Lepidosaurs |
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Snakes |
Limbless, but have a pelvic girdle Some have vestiges of leg bones Carnivorous, some are poisonous Can detect heat and vibrations 3-chambered heart Lepidosaurs |
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Turtles (Chelonia) |
Boxlike shell (carapace and plastron - fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs) Marine, freshwater, terrestrial (tortoises) 3-chambered heart Omnivorous |
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Crocadilians |
Crocodiles (marine) and alligators (freshwater) Need warm climate to survive 4-chambered heart Up to 4m long Carnivorous |
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Birds (Aves) |
Considered of the reptile class but with extreme modifications for flight Wings and feathers One ovary, no bladder, small size Toothless Hollow bones Allows for migration, escape, food predation Some can fly up to 170km/hr Excellent vision Elaborate mating rituals |
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Bird Modifications |
Some birds are flightless (emus) Similar general flying form of many flying birds Foot structure in bird feet - considerable variation |
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Mammals |
Mammary glands for milk Hair Generally larger brain compared to other verts of his size 4-chambered heart Diaphragm Differentiated teeth Placental Carnacial or grooved teeth |
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Monotremes |
Small group of egg-laying mammals Echidnas and platypus No nipples - milk glands on mother's belly |
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Marsupials |
Opossums, kangaroos, koalas, wombats Have live young, nipples, placenta Born early in development (up to 1 month) Spend rest of "fetal" life in pouch, nursing |
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Eutherians (Placental Mammals) |
Have a longer period of pregnancy Young complete embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta |
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Primates |
Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans Larger brain, shorter jaw Omnivorous Opposable thumbs (hands, feet adapted for grasping) Eyes look forward - depth perception Well-developed parental care Complex social behavior Hominoids - primates informally called apes |
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Humans |
Upright posture Bipedal locomotion Larger brains Language capabilities Symbolic thought Extensive parental care |