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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Vertebrates

With a backbone


52,000 species


Subphylum of the chordata phylum


Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord


Elaborate skull

Chordates

Have a notochord and hollow neural tube


Pharyngeal slits


Post-anal tail


Nerve cord develops into brain and spinal cord

Notochord

Longitudinal, flexible rod by digestive tube and nerve chord


Skeletal support

Pharyngeal Slits

Grooves or slits in the pharynx


Inverts - suspension feeding structures


Verts - gills for gas exchange (aquatic) or develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck (terrestrial)

Post-anal tail

Tail extending posterior to anus


Propelling force in fish


Other species lose this as an embryo

Tunicates

Sea squirts


Marine suspension feeders


Resemble chordates during larval stage (may be as brief as a few minutes)


As an adult, draws in water to filter food particles

Lancelets

Blade-like shape (5 cm)


Marine suspension feeders


Larvae - swim up and then sink, catching plankton as they go down


Adults - burrow up and siphon feed

Craniates

Chordates that have a head


Skull, eyes, brain, and other sensory organs


Neural crest (gives rise to skull)

Hagfishes

Jawless marine craniates


Cartilaginous skull and axial rod - teeth and eyes


Scavengers - eat dead fish and worms


Secrete slime for protection


Lack vertebrate


10-60 cm long

Lampreys

Jawless vertebrates


Freshwater and marine


Cartilagenous skeleton around notochord


Parasitic to large fish (teeth to hang on and dig in)


Grow up to several feet long

Gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates


Larger brains


More developed sight and smell

Sharks, Rays, and Relatives

Skeleton primarily of cartilage


Predators and suspension feeders


Oil gland for buoyancy


Ratfishes - eat sea urchins and molluscs

Sharks

Streamlined body - dorsal fin stabilizes - fast


Can lay eggs, or have embryos develop internally


Acute senses

Rays

Flattened body


Bottom dwellers


Eat molluscs and crustaceans

Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-fins

Bony fishes


Vast majority of vertebrates


Control buoyancy with swim bladder (air sac)


Oviporous (lay eggs)


Predators


Fish breathes by drawing water over 4-5 paris of gills (covered by protective bony flap - operculum)

Ray-Finned Fishes

Most familiar aquatic osteichthyans


Fins for maneuvering, defense

Lobe-Fins

Muscular and pectoral fins


Coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods


Lungfishes can breathe air

Tetrapods

Gnathostomes with limbs and feet


Some have ears for hearing


Some have fingers and toes

Amphibians

Cutaneous respiration - complements lungs in gas exchange (moist skin)


Aquatic or terrestrial (damp habits)


Oviporous (some lay lots, others few)


Urodela - salamanders


Anura - frogs and toads


Apoda - caecilians


Metamorphosis into terrestrial adult from aquatic larvae

Amniotes

Tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg - specialized membranes protect embryo


Reptiles, birds, mammals


Terrestrial adaptations - relatively impermeable skin; ability to use the rib cage to ventilate lungs

Reptiles

Tuatara, lizards, snakes


Turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs


Scales create waterproof barriers


Lay shelled eggs on land


Most are ectothermic (cold-blooded) - external heat as main source of body heat


Birds are endothermic (warm-blooded) - keep body warm through metabolism

Tuatara - Lepidosaurs

Lizard-like reptiles from New Zealand


Eat small lizards, birds, eggs


Up to 50 cm long


Live up to 100 years



Lizards

Most numerous reptile


16 mm to 3 m in size


Predators - can be poisonous


Egg-laying


Lepidosaurs



Snakes

Limbless, but have a pelvic girdle


Some have vestiges of leg bones


Carnivorous, some are poisonous


Can detect heat and vibrations


3-chambered heart


Lepidosaurs

Turtles (Chelonia)

Boxlike shell (carapace and plastron - fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs)


Marine, freshwater, terrestrial (tortoises)


3-chambered heart


Omnivorous

Crocadilians

Crocodiles (marine) and alligators (freshwater)


Need warm climate to survive


4-chambered heart


Up to 4m long


Carnivorous

Birds (Aves)

Considered of the reptile class but with extreme modifications for flight


Wings and feathers


One ovary, no bladder, small size


Toothless


Hollow bones


Allows for migration, escape, food predation


Some can fly up to 170km/hr


Excellent vision


Elaborate mating rituals

Bird Modifications

Some birds are flightless (emus)


Similar general flying form of many flying birds


Foot structure in bird feet - considerable variation



Mammals

Mammary glands for milk


Hair


Generally larger brain compared to other verts of his size


4-chambered heart


Diaphragm


Differentiated teeth


Placental


Carnacial or grooved teeth

Monotremes

Small group of egg-laying mammals


Echidnas and platypus


No nipples - milk glands on mother's belly

Marsupials

Opossums, kangaroos, koalas, wombats


Have live young, nipples, placenta


Born early in development (up to 1 month)


Spend rest of "fetal" life in pouch, nursing

Eutherians (Placental Mammals)

Have a longer period of pregnancy


Young complete embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

Primates

Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans


Larger brain, shorter jaw


Omnivorous


Opposable thumbs (hands, feet adapted for grasping)


Eyes look forward - depth perception


Well-developed parental care


Complex social behavior


Hominoids - primates informally called apes

Humans

Upright posture


Bipedal locomotion


Larger brains


Language capabilities


Symbolic thought


Extensive parental care