Vertebrates I

Front 1

when was the early Cambrian period?

Back 1

about 530 million years ago

Front 2

how many species of vertebrates are out there?

Back 2

about 52,000 species, they are the largest organisms to ever live on earth

Front 3

Vertebrates are a subphylum under what phylum?

Back 3

they are under the phylum Chordata

Front 4

what are two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes that are closely related to vertebrates?

Back 4

urochordates and cephalochordates

Front 5

chordates

Back 5

are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia

Front 6

what are the four key characters of chordates?

Back 6

-notochord
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits or clefts
-muscular, post-anal tail

Front 7

what is the notochord?

Back 7

-it is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

-it provides skeletal support thru-out most of the length of a chordate

-in most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops, and the adult retains only

Front 8

what are the function of pharyngeal slits?

Back 8

developed from pharyngeal clefts

suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates

gas exchange in vertebrates (except those with limbs)

develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

Front 9

in most chordates, what are the grooves in the pharynx called?

Back 9

pharyngeal clefts

Front 10

lancelets (Cephalochordata) are named for their _____ shape

Back 10

blade-like

Front 11

lancelets/Cephalochordata are what type of feeders?

Back 11

marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

Front 12

tunicates/urochodata/sea squirts

Back 12

are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets

Front 13

craniates share some characteristics such as __

Back 13

a skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

Front 14

what are the derived characters of craniates?

Back 14

they have the neural crest, a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo

neural crest cells give rise to a variety of structures, including some of the bones and cartilage of skull

Front 15

whats the difference between craniates vs tunicates and lancelets?

Back 15

craniates have a higher metabolism and are more muscular than the two.

craniates also have a heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells within homoglobin and kidneys

Front 16

during the Cambrian period, a lineage of craniates evolved into ______

Back 16

vertebrates

Front 17

Verterbrates have the following derived characters _______

Back 17

-vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord

-an elaborate skull

-fin rays, in aquatic forms

Front 18

what is the oldest living lineage of vertebrates?

Back 18

lampreys (jawless vertebrates)

Front 19

mineralization appears to have originated with _____

Back 19

vertebrate mouthparts

Front 20

the vertebrate _______ became fully mineralized much later

Back 20

endoskeleton

Front 21

what are jawed vertebrates called?

Back 21

gnathostomes

Front 22

gnathostomes have jaws that might have evolved from skeletal supports of the _____

Back 22

pharyngeal slits

Front 23

chondrichthyans have a skeleton composed primarily of _____

Back 23

cartilage

Front 24

name some examples of chondrichthyans.

Back 24

sharks, rays, and skates

they are the largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans

Front 25

the vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called ____

Back 25

osteichthyes

Front 26

ray-finned fishes includes nearly all familiar aquatic osteichthyans and belongs in the class _____

Back 26

actinopterygii

Front 27

lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)

Back 27

have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins

examples: coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods

Front 28

key concepts:

chordates

Back 28

have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Front 29

craniates

Back 29

are chordates that have a head

Front 30

vertebrates are ____ that have a backbone

Back 30

craniates

Front 31

gnathostomes

Back 31

are vertebrates that have jaws

Front 32

tetrapods

Back 32

are gnathosomes that have limbs

Hint 32

clade amphibia

Front 33

amniotes

Back 33

are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Hint 33

clade reptilia

Front 34

mammals are ______ that have hair and produce milk

Back 34

amniotes

Hint 34

clade mammalia

Front 35

homo sapiens orginated in Africa about ______ yrs ago and began to spread to other continents about _____ years ago

Back 35

originate 195,000 yrs ago and began to spread about 115,000 yrs ago.

Front 36

the oldest evidence of tool use is ____ yrs old

Back 36

2.5 million

Front 37

hominins

Back 37

are humans and species that are most closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

Front 38

when did hominins originate?

Back 38

6 million yrs ago

Front 39

homo ergaster

Back 39

was the first fully bipedal, large brained hominin

Front 40

homo erectus

Back 40

was the first hominin to leave Africa

Front 41

vertebrates n tunicates share

Back 41

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Front 42

some animals 530 million yrs ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull

Back 42

early craniates

Front 43

what is considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

Back 43

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Front 44

unlike eutherians, both marsupials and monotremes

Back 44

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

Front 45

what clade does not include humans?

Back 45

diapsids

Front 46

as hominins diverged from other primates, which appeared first?

Back 46

bipedal locomotion

Front 47

notochord

Back 47

a flexible rod that runs along anterior-posterior axis

Hint 47

may develop into parts of ear

Front 48

pharyngeal clefts

Back 48

grooves that separate pouches along side of pharynx

Hint 48

may develop into gill slits

Front 49

pharyngeal slits

Back 49

openings to outside of body along sde of pharynx

Hint 49

may be used to propel some species in water

Front 50

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Back 50

a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of body

Hint 50

may be associated with jointed skeleton

Front 51

muscular post anal tail

Back 51

a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus

Hint 51

may develop into brain and spinal cord

Front 52

all chordates have

Back 52

a notochord

Front 53

mammals are more related to hagfishes than to ______

Back 53

lancelets

Front 54

lancelets

Back 54

all chordate characters present in adults

adults bury themselves into sediment of seafloor

adults swim by contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord

Front 55

tunicates

Back 55

most chordate characters not present in adults

larvae swim using the notochord but adults may be sessile

in adults water enters through one siphon and leaves thru another

Front 56

both lancelets and tunicates

Back 56

adults feed w/ aid of pharyngeal slits

Front 57

neither lancelets and tunicates

Back 57

swim using vertebral column

Front 58

what distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?

Back 58

their body plan

echinoderms exhibit a unique body plan characterized by an endoskeleton and a water vascular system

Front 59

which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?

Back 59

the development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water

reptiles and their descendants reproduce on land via an amniotic egg, which prevents the embryo from drying out

Front 60

which characteristics define a chordate?

Back 60

the presence of four specific morphological traits:

notochord

dorsal nerve chord

pharyngeal gill slits

a tail behind the anus

Front 61

which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange

Back 61

pharyngeal gill slit