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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much denser is water than air
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800x
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How much more viscous is water than air? Effects?
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18x
hard to move through - streamline shape |
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how are gills efficient
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One way flow - save energy
Buccal pumping - w out swimming Ram ventilation - swim w mouth open |
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Countercurrent exchange
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Water flows opposite direction from blood in gill capillaries
Gas flows down gradient |
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Swim bladders
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Bony fishes
Diving - pressure compresses bladder; secrete more O2 Rising - low pressure expands bladder; |
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Physostomous
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Fish burp out air via swim bladder to gut tube connection
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Physoclistous
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Bony fish rising - relax muscles closing off ovale which release gas in blood
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Spherical lens
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Focus light on retina in water
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Anableps
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"Four eyed fish"
Divided cornea w asymmetrical lens |
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Lateral line system
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Ancestral system detecting water movements
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Neuromast organs
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used for lateral line system: Open to skin surface; hair cells called kinocilia
Cupula moves water that deflects off hair and send nerve signal |
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Electroreception
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Close association w lateral line, detects change in electrical potential of environment
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Ampullae of lorenzini
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In sharks - pores filled w electrically conductive gel
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Electric discharge
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Rays, eels, catfish
Stun predators Communication ( gymnotoids) |
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Excretory system - fresh water
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Water diffuses passively into fish
Doesn't drink Big glomerulus (lots of dilute urine) Absorb ions to replace salts through gills |
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excretory system - salt water
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fish loses water to environment
drinks sea water Pumps ions out through gills small glomerulus (little concentrated urine) |
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Euryhaline
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switch kidney function in fresh water/salt water
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Chondro
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Cartilaginous fish
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Placoderm features
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Heavily armored
Joint between head and trunk True jaws w no teeth 2 pairs paired fins Heterocercal tail |
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Arthrodires
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Most diverse placoderm clade
Nuchal gap =forceful bite; head movement Sclerotic ring - bones around eye |
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Spindle diagram
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Wider bars =more species
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Chondrichthyan synapomorphies
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1) Cartilaginous skeleton - loss of bone
2) claspers 3) placoid scales - tooth like; increase swim speed 4) vertebral centers elaborated - Reduced notochord 5)continuous tooth replacement |
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Evolutionary trends in sharks
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1) mobile pectoral fins
2) Heterocercal tail 3) mouth position (tip of snout) 4) tooth shape & diversity 5) jaw attached to skull - hyostylic |
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Batoids
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Rays, skates, sawfish, guitarfish
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Batoid synapomorphies
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1) flat bodies
2) ventral gills 3) durophagy - crushing tooth plates to eat shelled prey |
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Batoid diversity
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1) pec fins get bigger, tail shorter
2) electric & sting rays diff groups 3) reduce tail to whip - not for swimming 4) eagle/manta rays - FLAP wings |
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Holocephalans
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Chimeras, ratfish, rabbitfish
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Holocephalans diversity
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Durophagy - tooth plates
Operculum - covers gills Diphycercal tail FLAP fins |
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Acanthodians "spiny sharks"
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Extinct
Small spines - toothless filter feeder, freshwater Big spines - marine |
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Osteichthyes
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Bony fishes
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Osteichthyes synapomorphies
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1) lepidotrichia - bony support in fins
2) lungs - or swim bladder |
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actinopterygii - Ray finned "fishes" synapomorphies
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1) single dorsal fin
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Actinopterygian diversity (Ray finned fish)
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Heavily armored - ganoid, then lost, then back
Spiracle, then lost Heterocercal tail slowly reduced Big rostrum (schnoz) |
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Mobile premaxilla
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Teleosts
jaw protrusion: catch food far away, increase volume inside head (suction) |
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Teleosts specialization
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1) feeding: protrusion
2) swimming: homocercal tail 3) lighter scales: body flexibility |
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Body caudal fin swimming
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A - form: most of body; undulation
C- form: less than 50% of body O-form: tail; oscilattion |
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White muscle
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Fast glycolytic; anaerobic, rapid fatigue, tick fibers
Sudden bursts of action Fish have more white than red |
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White muscle
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Fast glycolytic; anaerobic, rapid fatigue, tick fibers
Sudden bursts of action Fish have more white than red |
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Red muscle
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Slow oxidative; aerobic, slow contraction, slow to fatigue, thin fibers; high fat
Slow sustained activity |
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White muscle
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Fast glycolytic; anaerobic, rapid fatigue, tick fibers
Sudden bursts of action Fish have more white than red |
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Red muscle
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Slow oxidative; aerobic, slow contraction, slow to fatigue, thin fibers; high fat
Slow sustained activity |
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Teleost evolutikn
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Pectoral fins shift up to midline, pelvis move forward
Diverse big spine in dorsal fin |
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White muscle
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Fast glycolytic; anaerobic, rapid fatigue, tick fibers
Sudden bursts of action Fish have more white than red |
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Red muscle
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Slow oxidative; aerobic, slow contraction, slow to fatigue, thin fibers; high fat
Slow sustained activity |
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Teleost evolutikn
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Pectoral fins shift up to midline, pelvis move forward
Diverse big spine in dorsal fin |
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Sarcopterygians
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Actinistia-dipnoi-tiktaalik(🔫)- tetrapods
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White muscle
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Fast glycolytic; anaerobic, rapid fatigue, tick fibers
Sudden bursts of action Fish have more white than red |
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Red muscle
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Slow oxidative; aerobic, slow contraction, slow to fatigue, thin fibers; high fat
Slow sustained activity |
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Teleost evolutikn
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Pectoral fins shift up to midline, pelvis move forward
Diverse big spine in dorsal fin |
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Sarcopterygians
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Actinistia-dipnoi-tiktaalik(🔫)- tetrapods
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Choana
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Tetrapods share w fossil groups, not in other living species
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Coelacanths (actinistia)
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Fossils from crustaceous
Lobed fins except 1 dorsal "Tassel" on tail Live pups Deep marine Find move in alternating pattern - no walking |
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Coelacanths (actinistia)
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Fossils from crustaceous
Lobed fins except 1 dorsal "Tassel" on tail Live pups Deep marine Find move in alternating pattern - no walking |
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Dipnoi (lungfish)
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6 living species
Crushing plates - teeth LUNGS - aestivation (burrow in mud) |
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Coelacanths (actinistia)
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Fossils from crustaceous
Lobed fins except 1 dorsal "Tassel" on tail Live pups Deep marine Find move in alternating pattern - no walking |
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Dipnoi (lungfish)
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6 living species
Crushing plates - teeth LUNGS - aestivation (burrow in mud) |
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Choanae
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Internal nostril: ALL TETRAPODS AND EXTINCT TAXA BEFORE IT
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Linnaean system
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King Phillip Can Only Find Good Spaghetti
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Calde
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ALL descendants of common ancestor
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How old are the first vertebrates?
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520 million years
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Phanerozoic
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(oldest) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (most recent)
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Phanerozoic
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(oldest) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (most recent)
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Cenozoic
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65 million years - present
(oldest-now) tertiary, quaternary Humans |
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Phanerozoic
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(oldest) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (most recent)
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Cenozoic
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65 million years - present
(oldest-now) tertiary, quaternary Humans |
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Mesozoic
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251-65 million years ago
Triassic - first dinos Jurassic - first birds/mammals Crustaceous - flowering plants; 50% extinction |
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Phanerozoic
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(oldest) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (most recent)
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Cenozoic
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65 million years - present
(oldest-now) tertiary, quaternary Humans |
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Mesozoic
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251-65 million years ago
Triassic - first dinos Jurassic - first birds/mammals Crustaceous - flowering plants; 50% extinction |
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Paleozoic
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(2500)543-251 million years ago
Cambrian - shells Ordovician - 1st vertebrates Silurian - land plant fossils Devonian - tetrapods Carboniferous - primitive trees Permian - reptiles 95% extinction |
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Proterozoic (Archean)
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Precambrian
...-2500 million years ago 1st rocks 1st multi cellular organisms |
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craniate synapomorphies
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1) cranium
2) complex sense organs 3) large 3 part brain 4) neural crest cells 5) heart, gills, hemoglobin, ect |
