Vertebrate Anatomy - Test Iii

Front 1

fluid component and ground substance of blood

Back 1

plasma

Front 2

formed elements of blood
1) erthrocytes... contain?
2) leucocytes
3) fibrous cell

Back 2

1) red blood cells
2) white blood cells
3) platelets

Front 3

TF: All vertebrate RBCs are nucleate.

Back 3

F, mammal RBCs are anucleate

Front 4

What are some functions of the circulatory system?

Back 4

- respiration
- disease protection
- nutrition
- excretion
- thermal control
- osmotic balance
- hormone transport

Front 5

Vessels that carry blood:
1) toward the heart
2) away from the heart

Back 5

1) veins
2) arteries

Front 6

Name the two circulatory structures with one-way valves.

Back 6

heart, veins

Front 7

This structure shunts blood to appropriate locations, increasing or decreasing gas exchange to an organ

Back 7

precapillary sphincters

Front 8

What embryonic tissue forms the primitive heart?

Back 8

splanchnic mesoderm (from the hypomere)

Front 9

What is the pulsing of the cellular heart called?

Back 9

cardiogenic contraction

Front 10

Receiving chamber for blood entering the heart

Back 10

sinus venosus

Front 11

Valves occuring after the ventricle

Back 11

semilunar valves

Front 12

Taxonomic heart chambers:
1) fish
2) amphibians
3) reptiles
4) birds/mammals

Back 12

1) 2
2) 3
3) ~3.5
4) 4

Front 13

Component of heart that contracts in a squeezing motion

Back 13

spiral musculature

Front 14

What is the difference between single and double circuit cirulatory systems?

Back 14

Double circuit systems include a pulmonary loop from the heart to the gas exchange location, then back to the heart before leaving for the body.

Front 15

This structure in crocodiles functions while diving. Name it and describe its function.

Back 15

The foramen of panizza shunts blood to body rather than lungs while diving to reduce waste of excess circuit length.

Front 16

This nerve center is the pacemaker of the heart and supplies the _______ with synchronized beat instructions.

Back 16

sinoatrial node, atrium

Front 17

This secondary ciculatory nerve center relays the original signal to the ventricle of the heart via ______ fibers.

Back 17

atrioventricular node, Purkinje

Front 18

These paired arteries supply the anterior appendages.

Back 18

subclavian arteries

Front 19

These unpaired arteries supply the digestive tract.

Back 19

celiac, anterior and posterior mesenteric

Front 20

These paired arteries supply the anterior appendages.

Back 20

iliac arteries

Front 21

In mammals and birds, which embryonic aortic arches supply the following vessels?
1) carotid
2) aortic
3) pulmonary

Back 21

1) 3
2) 4 (L in mammals, R in birds)
3) 6

Front 22

In reptiles, the posterior cardinal vein is reduced to small ______ veins.

Back 22

azygous

Front 23

The embryonic umbilical vein is reduced to this after birth.

Back 23

falciform ligament

Front 24

The ductus arteriosus bridges the _____ and ________ systems and is reduced to the _______ after birth.

Back 24

pulmonary, systemic, libamentum arteriosum

Front 25

This embryological gap between the right and left atria is called ______ ______ and is reduced to the _______ _______ after birth.

Back 25

foramen oval, fossa ovalis

Front 26

Interstitial body fluid is collectively termed:

Back 26

lymph

Front 27

This is the name for lymph collected in intestinal villi.

Back 27

chyle

Front 28

Lymphatics terminate in a _______ vein.

Back 28

systemic

Front 29

What kinds of fluids are exchanged in capillary beds.

Back 29

proteins, lipids, salts

Front 30

This vessel structure is a bundle of arteries and veins in close proximity. What is its name and function?

Back 30

rete, uses countercurrent exchange for oxygen storage and temperature control

Front 31

This is the technical name for platelets.

Back 31

thrombocytes

Front 32

These cells are precursors of the body's blood cells. Name and location?

Back 32

hemocytoblasts; liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue)

Front 33

What is the initial source of hemocytoblasts?

Back 33

blood islands of the yolk sac

Front 34

Chart the basic path through a fish's single-circuit heart system.

Back 34

sinus venosus --> atrium --> ventricle --> conus arteriosus --> ventral aorta --> aortic arches

Front 35

Which animals have a double circuit circulatory system?

Back 35

lung breathing vertebrates (right heart receives, left pumps out)

Front 36

What are some methods of avoiding mixing oxygen-rich and poor blood in the heart?

Back 36

- spiral valve (for 1 ventricle)
- ventricular septa
- total separation (croc, birds and mammals)

Front 37

The sinus venosus is remnant as what structure in birds and mammals?

Back 37

the sinoatrial node

Front 38

The swelling of the ventral aorta in teleosts and perennibranchiate urodeles is called what?

Back 38

bulbus arteriosus

Front 39

In the crocodile, the paired dorsal aorta between arches 3 and 4 is called the...

Back 39

dorsus caroticus

Front 40

Embryonic subintestinal and vitelline veins are part of what system?

Back 40

the hepatic portal system

Front 41

Allantoic (umbilical) veins drain the:

Back 41

allantois or placenta

Front 42

What portal system is absent mammals?

Back 42

renal portal system

Front 43

What type of waste does the urinary system remove?

Back 43

nitrogenous (ammonia); it also maintains the body's water and electrolyte balance

Front 44

Name the three methods of urinary elimination, the end product, and the animals in which each exists.

Back 44

1) ammonotelism - ammonia (fish)
2) ureotelism - urea (mammals)
3) uricotelism - uric acid (birds, reptiles)

Front 45

Embryonic kidney cells are called:

Back 45

nephrotomes

Front 46

The embryonic _____, or pre-kidney, is drained by the ________ duct.

Back 46

pronephros, archinephric duct

Front 47

What is the name of the hypothetical ancient kidney and its characteristics?

Back 47

archinephros; external glomeruli, simple, metameric tubules, and nephrostomes

Front 48

The ________, caudal to the mesonephros, uses remaining pronephric ducts, is functional in adult _______ and ________, and is temporary in _________.

Back 48

metanephros; fish; amphibians; amniotes (the opistonephros)

Front 49

The mesonephric tubules invade the testis to become the __________, which conduct sperm and is present in amniotes as the __________.

Back 49

vasa efferentia; vas deferens

Front 50

The collective term for the glomerulus and capusle is...

Back 50

renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule)

Front 51

The combined renal corpuscle and attached tubule form a _________.

Back 51

nephron

Front 52

These structures are essential arterial retia that filter water and solutes from the blood.

Back 52

glomeruli

Front 53

Glomerulus tubules converge into the _________ ____.

Back 53

longitudinal duct

Front 54

This kidney structure allows for the resorption of excess fluid and materials taken into the kidney.

Back 54

Loop of Henle

Front 55

This specialized bone allows for water and heat regulation while breathing.

Back 55

turbinate bone (nasal)

Front 56

An undifferentiated gonad develops from this embryonic structure.

Back 56

genital ridge

Front 57

This duct, degenerate in females, is derived from the archinephric duct and becomes the vas deferens in males.

Back 57

Wolffian duct

Front 58

This duct is degenerate in males and become the oviduct in females.

Back 58

Mullerian duct

Front 59

The maturing follicle in the ovary is the:

Back 59

Graafian follicle

Front 60

A healing ruptured follicle is called the ____ ______. Full healed, it becomes a ______ _____.

Back 60

corpus luteum; corpus albicans

Front 61

TF: The genital ridge is lateral to the nephric ridge.

Back 61

False. It is medial.

Front 62

The white covering on the embryonic gonads the ______ _____.

Back 62

tunica albuginea

Front 63

Trace the route of sperm from the testes in males.

Back 63

seminiferous tubules --> efferent ductules --> epididymis --> vas deferents --> urethra

Front 64

Name the three structures that add additional components to semen.

Back 64

seminal vescicles, Cowper's glands, prostate gland

Front 65

Spermato- and oo- genesis are controlled by this hormone.

Back 65

follicle stimulating hormone, FSH

Front 66

This is a technical term for the onset of reproductive readiness.

Back 66

recrudescence

Front 67

The ability of the male to engage in copulation is called?

Back 67

potency

Front 68

Name some copulatory organs:

Back 68

- gonopodium
- ovipositor
- clasper
- hemipenis
- penis

Front 69

The common chamber that receives products from the kidneys, intestines, and gonads, is the _____ and its opening called the ____.

Back 69

cloaca; vent

Front 70

The (location) compartment of the cloaca into which the 1) intestine 2) urinary duct 3) reproductive tract empties is the...

Back 70

1) proximal, coprodeum
2) medial, urodeum
3) distal, proctodeum

Front 71

Name the folds that separate the component areas of the cloaca:

Back 71

1) rectocoprodeal
2) coprourodeal
3) uroproctodeal

Front 72

Which group of animals have a bifid penis and a divided uterus?

Back 72

marsupials

Front 73

The period of time from conception to hatching is called:

Back 73

gestation

Front 74

The developmental suspension of a fertilized embryo is called:

Back 74

embryonic diapause

Front 75

The 1)fast and 2)slow control mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis are:

Back 75

1) nervous
2) endocrine

Front 76

What are the chemical components of hormones?

Back 76

peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins, steroids, or amines (few)

Front 77

Peptide hormones are produced by which embryonic tissues?

Back 77

ectoderm and endoderm

Front 78

Steroid hormones are produced by which embryonic tissue?

Back 78

mesoderm

Front 79

This type of hormone-releasing structure communicates locally through diffusion into interstitial tissue.

Back 79

paracrine cland

Front 80

What are the two ways a hormone can affect a cell?

Back 80

by entering directly or by binding to the plasma membrane, which signals a sequence of actions

Front 81

Name the primary endocrine glands.

Back 81

- pineal
- hypothalamus, pituitary
- thyroid/parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- islet cells of pancreas
- ovary and testis

Front 82

Where is the pineal gland located?

Back 82

the roof of the midbrain

Front 83

This hormone is secreted by the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythms and inhibits the release of MSH and gonadotropins.

Back 83

melatonin

Front 84

The nerves that inform the pineal gland originate from:

Back 84

the eyes

Front 85

Melotonin is the precurser to this hormone.

Back 85

serotonin

Front 86

The pituitary gland is located:

Back 86

beneath the brain

Front 87

This ventral outrgrowth of the diencephalon of the brain becomes part of the pituitary.

Back 87

infundibulum (stalk)

Front 88

A diverticulum from the stomodeum in the brain form's ______ _______, a part of the pituitary.

Back 88

Rathke's pouch

Front 89

The 1) posterior 2) anterior part of the pituitary is called the...

Back 89

1) neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)
2) adenohypophysis

Front 90

The cleft between the two parts of the pituitary is called what?

Back 90

pars intermedia

Front 91

As we look along the phylogenetic "tree," what is the pattern of the pituitary?

Back 91

reduced function

Front 92

The ______ portal system is the liason between the hypothalamus and the pituitary.

Back 92

hypophyseal

Front 93

These specialized cells communicate with the pituitary gland by secretions.

Back 93

neurosecretory cells

Front 94

What two hormones does the neurohypophysis produce?

Back 94

anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin

Front 95

Name the 7 hormones that the adenohypophysis produces.

Back 95

- growth hormone
- FSH
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- prolactin
- endorphins

Front 96

TF: The neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis use separate blood supplies.

Back 96

True.

Front 97

This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland.

Back 97

thyrotropic hormone

Front 98

This hormone controls the relazse of liver somatomedin.

Back 98

growth-stimulating hormone (GSH)

Front 99

These two hormones regulate metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction. Where are they made and what are their names?

Back 99

thyroid gland; thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4), and triiodothyronine, T2

Front 100

This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce adrenaline.

Back 100

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 101

This hormone promotes the development of ovarian follicles and sperm.

Back 101

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 102

This hormone develops the corpus luteum from a follicle and is used for the production of progersterone and testosterone.

Back 102

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 103

This hormone affects osmoregulation in fishese, in addition to maternal behavior and silk synthesis (mammals)

Back 103

prolactin