Vertebrate Anatomy Ii

Front 1

circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
A set of tubes (blood vessels)
A muscular pump (the heart)

Back 1

three basic components of a circulatory system:

Front 2

closed circulatory system

Back 2

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid, are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

Front 3

cardiovascular system

Back 3

Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, often called

Front 4

Arteries

Back 4

branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries
Networks of capillaries called capillary beds are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

Front 5

Venules

Back 5

converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

Front 6

atrium

Back 6

Blood enters through an

Front 7

ventricle

Back 7

blood is pumped out through a

Front 8

left side of the heart

Back 8

pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood

Front 9

right side of the heart

Back 9

receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

Front 10

right ventricle

Back 10

Blood begins its flow with the pumping blood to the lungs

Front 11

lungs

Back 11

the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2

Front 12

left atrium , aorta

Back 12

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at the and is pumped through the to the body tissues by the left ventricle

Front 13

aorta

Back 13

provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries

Front 14

superior vena cava

Back 14

Blood returns to the heart through the, (blood from head, neck, and forelimbs), flow into the right atrium

Front 15

inferior vena cava

Back 15

Blood returns to the heart through the(blood from trunk and hind limbs)flow into the right atrium

Front 16

Gas exchange

Back 16

supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes off carbon dioxide, A gas diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure
In the lungs and tissues, O2 and CO2 diffuse from where their partial pressures are higher to where they are lower

Front 17

Gases

Back 17

diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs as a result of differences in partial pressure

Front 18

Partial pressure

Back 18

is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

Front 19

Lungs

Back 19

A system of branching ducts conveys air to the, an infolding of the body surface, complexity correlates with an animal's metabolic rate

Front 20

The circulatory system (open or closed)

Back 20

transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

Front 21

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Back 21

Air inhaled through the nostrils passes through the pharynx via the

Front 22

alveoli

Back 22

where gas exchange occurs

Front 23

vocal cords

Back 23

Exhaled air passes over the to create sounds

Front 24

surfactants

Back 24

Secretions called coat the surface of the alveoli

Front 25

sternum

Back 25

flat bone lying midventrally to which ribs attach.

Front 26

thymus gland

Back 26

large in the fetal pig and in young mammals, but regresses with age. It plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system.

Front 27

larynx

Back 27

an expanded structure through which air passes from the mouth to hte narrower trachea, houses the vocal cords.

Front 28

glottis

Back 28

leads inot the larynx, protects air from entering the stomach and food from entering the lungs

Front 29

thyroid gland

Back 29

small reddish gland, covers the trachea, secrete hormones that influence metabolism.

Front 30

esophogus

Back 30

located under the trachea, where food passes through to enter the stomach.

Front 31

pulmonary circuit

Back 31

carries blood from the heart to the lungs in arteries adn back to the heart in veins

Front 32

systematic circuit

Back 32

which carries blood from the heart in arteries to all organs but the lungs and back to the heart in veins

Front 33

right and left atrium

Back 33

small, dark, anteriorly located heart chambers that recieve blood from the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, respectively

Front 34

rigth and left ventricle

Back 34

large muscular heart chambers that contract to pump blood

Front 35

coronary artery

Back 35

carries blood to the heart tissue

Front 36

pulmonary trunk

Back 36

a large vessel lying on the ventral surface of the heart, carries blood from the right ventricle

Front 37

aorta

Back 37

large vessel, lies just dorsal to the pulmonary trunk, carrying blood from the left ventricle

Front 38

coronary arteries

Back 38

the first two branches of the aorta

Front 39

coronary veins

Back 39

on the surface of the heart between teh left adn right ventricles

Front 40

cranial and caudal venae cavae

Back 40

the two large veins entering the right atrium

Front 41

brachiocephalic veins

Back 41

unite in teh craial vena cava

Front 42

external and internal jugulars

Back 42

carry blood returning from the head.

Front 43

subclavian vein

Back 43

drains blood into the front leg

Front 44

subscapular vein

Back 44

draing blood from the shoulder region

Front 45

axillary vein

Back 45

carries blood from the front leg, becoming the subclavian vein at the subscapular branch

Front 46

cephalic vein

Back 46

lies just beneath the skin on the upper front leg, typically enters teh external jugular near its base.

Front 47

right subclavian artery

Back 47

gives off several branches that serve the right shoulder and limb area

Front 48

common carotid arteries

Back 48

carry blood to the head, lie adjacent to the internal jugular veins

Front 49

subscapular artery

Back 49

branch that passes deep toward teh underside of teh scalpula

Front 50

azygos vein

Back 50

a large conspicuous vein lies near this region fo the aorta, the vein carries blood from the ribs back to the heart

Front 51

coeliac artery

Back 51

carries blood to the stomach and the spleen

Front 52

cranial mesenteric artery

Back 52

arising slightly cuadal to the coeliac artery and carrying blood to the small intestine

Front 53

renal arteries

Back 53

lead to the kidneys

Front 54

parietla peritoneum

Back 54

lies deep to the membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity

Front 55

common iliac veins

Back 55

carry blood from the hind legs

Front 56

hepatic veins

Back 56

carry blood from the liver to the caudal vena cava

Front 57

umbilical vein

Back 57

join the hepatic portal vein as it enters the liver.

Front 58

sternum

Back 58

the flat bone lying midventrally to which ribs attach

Front 59

thymus gland

Back 59

large in the fetal pig and in young mammals but regresses with age, it plays an important role in the development of the bodys immune system.

Front 60

thyroid gland

Back 60

a small reddish gland, covers the trachea, secretes hormones that influence metabolism

Front 61

pulmonary circuit

Back 61

carries blood from the heart to the lungs in arteries adn back to teh herat in veins

Front 62

systematic circuit

Back 62

carries blood from the heart in arteries to all organs bu tth elungs and back to the heart in veins

Front 63

coronary artery

Back 63

carries blood to the heart tissue,

Front 64

pulmonary trunk

Back 64

carries blood from the right ventricle

Front 65

aorta

Back 65

carrying blood from the left ventricle

Front 66

coronary veins

Back 66

lying on the surface of hte heart between the left and righ tventricles

Front 67

brachiocephalic veins

Back 67

unite the cranial vena cava

Front 68

external and internal jugulars

Back 68

carry blood returning from the head

Front 69

subclavian vein

Back 69

drains blood from the front leg and shoulder

Front 70

cephalic vein

Back 70

lies just beneath the skin on the upper front leg, it typiclaly enters the external jugular near its base

Front 71

common carotid artery

Back 71

carry blood to the head, lie adjacent ot the internal jugular veins

Front 72

azygos vein

Back 72

lies near the region of the aorta, vein carries blood from the ribs back to the heart

Front 73

coeliac artery

Back 73

carries blood to the stomach and the spleen,

Front 74

cranial mesentric artery

Back 74

arising slightly caudal to the coeliac artery and carrying blood to the small intestine